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2024年2月21日发(作者：汉阳煦)

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Mini-lecture 1 Cultural Understanding

Like learning a language，developing cultural understanding occurs step by step over are five stages of cultural

understanding veduchina.

Stage one：No understanding.

一involves no awareness of the new culture：know nobody and few(1)

Stage two：Superficial understanding.

--awareness of (2) aspects of the foreign culture and stereotypes veduchina

--stereotytres are(3)

Stage three：Growing understanding and possible(4)

--awareness of more subtle，less visible traits in foreign culture

--unnecessarily bring acceptance veduchina.

For anyone，the home culture is(5)

Stage four：Greater(6)————understanding.

一still(7) have little empathy veduchina

一the(8) level is higher

Stage five：True empathy，and cultural (9)————.

—to live in the foreign culture：the amount of time depends Oil(10)

Mini-lecture 2 British Educational System

y and secondary educationin Britain

1)Children at the age of(1)________go to primary school.

2)Students attend secondaryschool until age sixteen.

3)Students enter higher education at age eighteen.

education in Britain

1) In England and Wales：

—Application for universities：through the UCCA；

一Courses：“course”refers to a(2)_______ program，structured with a fixed program of classes；

—Classes：

s are offered in the UK on a(3)________basis veduchina；

emphasis is placed on(4)________study；

ts write more essays and take fewer objective tests；

s often take the following forms：(5)______，tutorials，seminars.

2) In Scotland：

—A variety of tertiary level options are available：

colleges of further education provide vocational and (6)____education；

l institutions don’t directly validate degrees,but many have close ties to(7) .

rs colleges veduchina；

standard university degree is a four—year(8)__________；

ison between the US and the UK higher education

1)Grading：

一In the UK，(9)__________are the most common form of study assessment

—The US professors grade less strictly than the UK professors veduchina

2)Course levels：

—Basic courses are not(10)____________at UK universities.

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Mini-lecture 3 Mass Media in America

Mass media specifically refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given

groups of mass media in America are briefly introduced.

I. Newspapers

g newspaper is different from watching TV.

—for one thing

ed(1)_______ of news items

ntial treatment of news events

sting and stimulating opinions

is over important events at home and abroac

—for another

as for the reading places, no(2)_______

pers are still a big business.

—fact one: the large circulation of a number of important newspapers

—fact two: the great (3)_______ of newspapers available

II. Magazines

variety

range of topics

ent target readers:the well-educated,well-informed,and(4)_____ people

top three:(5)_______ TV Guide and The Conde Nast Select

III. Radio and Television

:a first-class entertainment medium for most Americans

一The future of the radio is still(6)___________

sion

--become popular after the invention of(7)_____ and videotape recorders

—profound impact on society

socialization effect

2.a(8)_________ a molder of new of new cultural trends and a molder of attitudes towards these new trends

tionized the marketing of goods

enormous cultural impact of TV violent programs

impact of TV on(9)_______________

To sum up，the mass media in America has，to a great extent，changed and will still keep on changing

Americans’(10)_________

Mini-lecture 4 Government in Britain and the US

The focus of this lecture is different government systems in Britain and the US.

Government in Britain:

1. National government:the center of government in Britain iS Parliament.

一Location of parliament:(1)__________.

—Parliament includes the House of Common，the House of lords and the monarch.

—the passage of bills:firstly brought to the House of Commons for discussion，then the house of Lords，

finally(2)_________

2. Local government in Britain，also known as(3)_________

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一make small laws,only applied in local area

—got payment from(4)from national government

--elected by people within each town,city or country area

Government in the US:

federal government

—(5)________is the central law-making body in the US.

1)the House of Representatives

2)the Senate: the higher but less (6)________of the two houses of Congress.

—The President has the power of (7)________a bill.

—The Supreme Court: the final Court of Appeal in the US.

state government

—Each state has its own written(8)________

—The highest elected official of each state is the Governor.

local government

—No law of local government can be(9)________with the United Constitution.

To sum up，the government in each country is a (n) (10)________of its historicaland modern factors.

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参考答案：

Mini-lecture1 (1)basic facts (2)negative (3)offensive (4)conflict (5)much better

(6)intellectual (7)emotionally (8)comfort (9)respect (10)the individual

Culture understanding文化差异

Today I will focus on the issue of culture understanding. With increasing globalization, the world becomes really small

nowadays. As a member of the global, we get more chances to contact foreign cultures. And what if we want to understand

foreign culture very well, what should we do? What kinds of process will we experience before we achieve that goal. The

answer is not very difficult to imagine. Just like learning a language, developing culture understanding occurs steps by steps

over time. Development of culture consciousness is a process that starts the stage no understanding and moves, in the best case,

to the stage of true empathy移情作用,[心]神入and culture respect. So an order to make it a clearer explanation about the

process, the five stages of culture understanding is presented here.

Stage 1 no understanding This level involves no awareness of new culture. The point is quite easy to see. For a person

who has few chances to get contact with other cultures, a new one sometimes might as well be like something from an

unknown planet in outer space. The person does not know anyone from the culture, and has encountered few, if any, basic

facts about the culture; so naturally, the person certainly has no way to understand that culture at all.

Stage 2 superficial understanding This level involves awareness of very superficial aspects of foreign culture, frequently

negative aspects. At this stage of culture awareness, the person knows a few basic facts of new culture. These facts stand out

and often serve as the basis of stereotypes 陈规,老套. However, the stereotypes are offensive because they imply that all

people from a certain culture have the same characteristics. At this stage of culture awareness, when stereotypes are keenly felt,

the person is highly ethnocentric种族[民族]中心主义的,种族[民族, 集团]优越感的 that means the person is just focused

on his or her own culture as the norm of what is right and comparing the new culture with the better culture back home.

Stage 3 growing understanding and possible conflict In this stage the learner begins to be aware of more subtle

sometimes less visible traits in the foreign culture. I will give you an example here to illustrate this point. A student learned that

a given culture focuses on family far more getting things accomplished. As a result, he or she begin to appreciate the huge

importance of family value in this culture, so we can see this understanding helps the person to see why things operate the way

they do. But such awareness doesn’t always bring acceptance. In this stage the person is still ethnocentric home

culture-oriented, comparing that culture that is new to his/her old home culture and usually feel his/her home culture is much

better. I think some of you, as English majors, may have the exactly same experiences when you come to be familiar with your

foreign teachers or friends. You do appreciate some of their cultures but you just can’t accept them from the bottom of your

heart.

Stage 4 great intellectual culture understanding At this stage the learner begins to comprehend intellectually the people

in the foreign culture yet they are still a little emotional empathy. The person can not feel what it is like to be a member of that

culture, the learner thus starts to see things intellectually through the eye of culture bearers at the least part of the time, but they

just can’t really feel the same way the members of foreign culture feel. The learner begins to shed ethnocentrism a little bit and

starts to understand new culture more deeply. The person knows why thing are done in the way they are done and accept these

things with less irritation. So you can see now the learner obviously comprehend the briefs and actions of people in the culture,

the comfort level is higher, and the person does not complain the extensively about the culture differences. That makes a big

sense in the process of culture understanding.

Stage 5 true empathy and culture respect This level is the highest one of culture awareness. To attain this level, the

learner must actually live in the foreign culture for some time. As for how long the learner must live in such a culture so that

they can reach stage five. The amount of time is variable, greatly depending on the individual. At the fifth stage, unlike the

previous stages the learner does not just see things intellectually from the viewpoint of the culture some or most of the time,

instead he/she actually feel the part of culture, respects the culture fully and emphasizes emotionally with those who have lived

all their life in that culture. By doing so, the person, in real sense, achieves a true culture understanding.

In summary, today’s lecture is centered on the stages and growth of culture consciousness. Altogether there are five. 1 no

understanding means one does not know anyone from that culture knows few, if any, facts. 2 superficial understanding means

one knows some superficial facts and stereotypes. 3 growing understanding and possible conflict means one is aware of more

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subtle traits but may experience culture conflicts probably believes one’s own culture is superior. 4 great intellectual culture

understanding means one understands the culture intellectually but not emotionally. 5 true empathy and culture respect means

one understands the culture both intellectually and emotionally, can feel what the people in the culture feel. Hope the lecture

will be helpful in your nurturing of your culture awareness. Thanks for your patience.

Mini-lecture2(1)five (2)degree (3)modular (4)independent/self-directed (5)lectures (6)technical

(7)local businesses (8)Honors degree (9)written examinations (10) common

British Educational System

Today I’ll talk about the British educational system, including the primary and secondary education and the higher

education in Britain. Meanwhile, I’ll try to make a comparison between the US and the UK higher education.

First, I’ll briefly introduce the primary and secondary education in Britain. In England and Wales, students study in

primary schools from age five until eleven. They attend secondary school until age sixteen. Before graduating, students usually

take seven comprehensive exams, called the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams. After passing the

GCSE exams, students choose to study two to four subjects intensely for the GCE Advanced Level exams, called "A levels."

At eighteen, they enter higher education to focus on a particular subject, called a "course."

Now let’s move on to the higher education in Britain. First I’ll talk about the general practices in England and Wales, and

then the general practices in Scotland.

In England and Wales, prospective university students apply for places through the Universities Central Council on

Admissions (UCCA). Students do not apply directly to the universities themselves. Successful candidates are admitted directly

into a specific degree "course." A degree course normally takes three or four years to complete. At most universities students

study only one major subject. Each course is structured with a fixed program of classes for the entire three years. Increasingly,

universities in the United Kingdom are offering classes on a modular(课程教学)以单元为基础的 basis, which allows

students to broaden their studies creating a more interdisciplinary program. This modularization, however, has not replaced the

traditional British degree course with the American concept of credit accumulation. In addition, there is generally a sharp

distinction between the arts and sciences and there is seldom any cross-over between the two.

At a British university, more emphasis is placed on independent, self-directed study than in the United States. Required

texts and definite reading assignments are less common. More typically, an extensive reading list covering all topics to be

discussed is distributed at the start of the course to be used for independent research. British students typically consult a large

number of sources from the library rather than intensively studying a few books purchased by everyone taking a course. In

addition, students are required to write more essays and take fewer objective tests than at U.S. institutions. Classes often take

the following forms: lectures, which are sometimes completely optional; tutorials, in which a small number of students meet

with the lecturer; and seminars, larger discussion classes often based upon seminar essays. Unlike the U.S. system of regular

testing in a course, British students sit for final examinations that cover the full year's work and determine the grades for the

class. With the growth of modularization, however, there has also been an increase in the number and variety of modules

offered on a semester basis.

In Scotland, there are a variety of tertiary第三的,第三位的 level options available for students, the most important of

which are the colleges of further education, the central institutions, teachers colleges and the universities. The colleges of

further education provide vocational and technical education, and enroll more students than all other tertiary institutions

combined. Central institutions provide courses leading to the Higher National Diploma (HND), bachelor's degrees and some

specialized master's degrees. These institutions do not have the authority to directly validate degrees and tend to offer a

narrower range of subjects than the universities. Many have close ties to local businesses, offering cooperative work

experiences that provide students a period of practical training.

Scottish universities are quite distinct from their British counterparts. In fact, they more closely resemble European or

American universities. The standard Scottish university degree is a four-year Honors degree (BA Hons). Students are rarely

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admitted directly to a degree "course." Usually they are admitted to a faculty or simply admitted to the university as a whole.

Scottish university students begin with a broad-based program during the first year and choose a specialization专门[业]化

after the second or even the third year. Students may also elect to complete a three-year Ordinary degree. This is a broad-based

degree that (unlike in England) does not represent a "failed" Honors degree.

Next, let’s compare the US and the UK higher education from two aspects,]namely, grading and course levels.

First, about the Grading. In the UK, assessment methods vary by institution and tend to reflect the UK teaching method and

style. Written examinations, which are held at the end of a year or, in some cases, in the final undergraduate year only, are the

most common form of study assessment. There is no official method of equating British and American educational

qualifications. The educational systems are very different and attempts to compare them must be done on a strictly provisional

basis. Many U.S. institutions have already developed systems of assessing their study abroad students or equating British

grades to U.S. grades.

Professors at UK institutions grade more strictly than their counterparts in the United States. As a result, American students

studying in the UK often perceive that they have performed poorly in their classes, when they have not. Grades are given as

percentages rather than letter grades. Forty percent is the minimum passing grade and high percentages are rarely awarded. A

grade of seventy percent or higher is considered "with distinction." In general, percentages increase from forty rather than

decrease from 100 percent, as they do in the United States.

Second, about the Course Levels. A typical British course load will vary from 3 to 6 modules or classes per term. Most

students take 4 to 5 modules per term. The number of hours in class per week will vary by institution. Students should note that

general education or basic courses are not as common at UK universities because they have already been covered at the GCSE

level. Many faculties assume that a student has a basic understanding of the concepts that will be addressed in the course. For

this reason, it is common for third-year American students to take first-year and second-year courses at a UK university.

With this, we’re coming to the end of today’s lecture. Next time, we’ll talk about university degrees.

Mini-lecture3 (1)coverage (2) limitation/confinement (3) variety(4)public—conscious

(5) Reader’s Digest (6) promising/bright (7)portable cameras (8) transmitter (9) religion (10)life

Mass Media in America美国媒体

Good morning, everyone,today my topic is mass media in America. By media, we refer to the variety of means by which

technology transmits information and entertainment to us. Thus, in its broadest sense, the term media includes newspaper,

television, movies, radio, books, and magazines. Mass media specifically refer to those publications and programs that attempt

to serve most or all of the people in a given market. Here I would like to introduce the mass media in America by dividing

them into three groups: newspaper; magazines; radio and television.

First, let’s have a look at newspapers. For a long time, newspapers have been the chief means by which people get

themselves informed. While television has replaced newspapers as the primary source of news for most Americans, and while

computer network is increasingly becoming a faster and easier way of obtaining news for many Americans, newspapers still

remain as one of the most powerful means of communications in the United States. For one thing, reading newspapers is

different from watching TV. It gives detailed coverage报道范围 of news items, and tends to provide substantial treatment of

news events. And, sometimes it offers interesting and stimulating opinions as well as analysis over important events at home

and abroad. For another, unlike watching TV, reading newspapers does not require one to be confined to his sitting-room. He

can do it virtually anywhere he likes: in his car, at the breakfast table, sitting in the sun, waiting at the subway station, and

believe it or not, in the restroom. So, for these and many other reasons, newspapers in the United States are still a big business.

And, this is borne out by two facts: (1) the large circulation of a number of important newspapers such as USA Today《今日美国》and The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》; (2) the great variety of newspapers available in the United States, big and

small, local and national, special and general, radical and conservative, and so on. The top 3 daily newspapers in the United

States are: Wall Street Journal, USA Today and New York Times《纽约时报》.

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Second, we’ll move to magazines. According to a statistical record in 1990, there were over 12,205 magazines being

published in the United States. More than 4,000 of them appear monthly, and over 1,300 are published each week. They cover

all topics and interests, from art and architecture to sports, from aviation航空学,飞机制造业and gardening to computers and

book reviews, from fashion design and cooking to homemaking. Quite a few have international editors, are translated into

other languages, or have “daughter” editions in foreign countries. Among the many internationals are National Geographic《国家地理》杂志, Reader’s Digest《读者文摘》杂志,Cosmopolitan《大都会》,Vogue《时尚》杂志,Time《时代》,Newsweek《新闻周刊》, Scientific American and Psychology Today. The weekly newsmagazines — the best known are Time,

Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》 —serve as a type of national press. Unlike newspapers,

however, weekly newsmagazines tend to give extensive coverage and provide detailed, and sometimes in-depth, analysis. Also

unlike newspapers, which usually have the lowest common denominator in their appeal to the general reading public, weekly

newsmagazines normally target at the well-educated, well-informed, and public-conscious people of the society. Many weekly

newsmagazines also have considerable international impact, particularly Time and Newsweek. The top three magazines in

America are: (1) Reader’s Digest; (2) TV Guide《电视导读》; (3) The Conde Nast Select.

Third, I’ll say something about radio and television. In more than two generations, the two powerful mass media

transformed much of American life.

Radio, emerging at the same period when the Great Depression pervaded蔓延, 在…中盛行in America, provided free

entertainment in the comforts of the home. Families that could no longer afford to go out for entertainment gathered together in

their living rooms to escape reality by laughing, fantasizing梦想,幻想and dreaming of happier times. From then on, radio

became a first-class entertainment medium for most Americans. Up until now, in view of the popularity of radio programs in

the United States, the future of radio as a form of medium continues to look bright.

Then, with the rapid development of science and technology, TV came into being in 1920s. It primarily serves as a

medium of entertainment, and then also has a big role to play as a news broadcasting agency. Networks began experimenting

with news at locally owned stations as early as January 1940. But, early-day television news could not begin to compare with

radio news. Only after the invention of portable cameras and videotape recorders had television been made a much more

credible news medium because viewers saw pictures of the news events on the day they occurred. Consequently, access to

news is made much easier, and the general public is getting better informed.

Gradually, television’s impact on American society has been more and more profound. It has changed the life-styles of

most Americans and become a major influence on American culture. It can be seen from 5 aspects.

First and foremost is the socialization effect. Many studies have shown that TV’s dominance as household activity often

reduces the level of communication among family members and, as a result, much of the culture being distributed to

youngsters today in the United States comes from the tube rather than the family.

Secondly, television programming has played an important role in shaping and reflecting for the masses the cultural

changes that have been occurring in American Society. TV functions both as a transmitter传送[递]者of new cultural trends

and as a molder造型者,模塑者 of new attitudes towards these new trends.

Thirdly, television has revolutionized the marketing of goods in the American economy. With TV marketing, people

become vulnerable to the products, or in other words, to the commercials.

Fourthly, the cultural impact of violent TV programs has been quite enormous. Needless to say, the question of violence on

TV has been around nearly as long as the medium. Many critics claim that TV violence increases violence in American

society.

Fifthly, the impact of TV on religion has also been an issue of great concern to many Americans. So far now, it is still an

issue full of disputes.

To sum up, the mass media in America includes so many different forms, and each of them plays a vital role in American

people’s life not only in the past, but also at present and in the future. To know much about America, one must have a good

knowledge about its mass media.

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Mini-lecture4 (1)Westminster (2)signed (3)Councils (4)local taxes (5)Congress (6)powerful

(7)veto (8)Constitution (9)in disagreement (10)embodiment

Government in Britain and the US英美政府

Today we will focus on the Government in Britain and the United States. Let’s have a look at them one after the other.

Government in Britain can be divided into National government and Local government.

The center of government in Britain is Parliament, which makes all the important laws for the country about crimes and

punishment, taxation课税, etc. Parliament is made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch. The

Houses of Parliament are in Westminster in London and sometimes “Westminster” itself is used to mean Parliament.

The House of commons, or the Commons, is the lower but more powerful of the two Houses. It has 650 elected members,

called Members of Parliament or MPs, each representing people in a particular area or constituency(议员所代表的)(全体)选民;选(举)区. The House of Lords上议院, or the Lords, is the higher but less powerful of the two Houses. It has over 1,000

members, none of whom is elected. These members include: people who have titles like Lord or Viscount子爵 which have

been passed down to them on the death of their father; people who are given titles as a reward for their long service in public

life, but whose children do not inherit their title; and some important leaders of the Church of England, such as Archbishops

and Bishops.

The government brings bills to the House of Commons下议院, which are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House

of Lords to be discussed. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to reject it. When bills

come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them and if they are passed they are signed by the monarch and become Acts of

Parliament.

At present England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are all governed by Parliament in Westminster. In Northern

Ireland the political parties are different but their MPs still go to the House of Commons. In Scotland there is a lot of discussion

about whether Scotland should have some separate or partly separate form of government. The same is true in Wales. The

Local government in Britain, also known as Councils, can make small laws, that is bylaws, which only apply in their area, but

these are usually about small, local matters. For instance, they may be about fines that will be made for people who park in

certain streets.

Councils are paid for by local taxes and also by an amount of money given to them each year by the national government.

Their main job is the organizing and providing of local services, e.g. hospitals, schools, libraries, public transport,

street-cleaning, etc. They are also responsible for setting the amount of local tax that people must pay and for collecting this

tax.

Local councils are elected by people within each town, city, or county area. The people who are elected, known as

councilors, usually represent one of the national political parties, but are often elected because of their policies on local issues

rather than the national policies of their party.

Now let’s move to the topic of Government in the US. All levels of government in the US, including federal, state, and

local, are elected by the people of the country.

First, we’ll talk about the federal government. The constitution of the US specifically limits the power of the federal, or

national, government mainly to defense, foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and

protecting human rights. The federal government is made up of the Congress , the President, and the Supreme Court. Congress,

the central law-making body in the US, is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of

Representatives is the lower but more important of the two houses of Congress. It has 435 members, called Representatives or

Congressmen. The number of Representatives for each state depends on the size of the population of the state, with each state

having at least one Representative. The Senate is the higher but less powerful of the two houses of Congress. It has 100

members, called Senators, elected by their state. Each state has two Senators. Congress decides whether a BILL becomes law.

If the Senate and the House of Representatives both agree to a bill, the President is asked to agree. The President can veto the

bill, but Congress can still make it a law if 2/3 of the members of each house agree to it.

Second, we’ll learn something about the state government. The state government has the greatest influence in people’s daily

lives. Each state has its own written Constitution, and among the states there are sometimes great differences in law on matters

such as property, crime, health and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has one

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or two elected lawmaking bodies whose members represent the various parts of the state.

Third, let’s have a look at the local government. The local government concerns laws made at the town, city or county level.

These laws are usually limited to a small area and concern such things as traffic, where and when alcoholic drinks can be sold,

or keeping animals. It is the highest elected official of a town or city Council. Every law at every level of government must be

in agreement with the United States constitution. Any citizen who thinks he or she has not been given their rights under the law

may argue their case through all the courts up to the Supreme Court, which is the final Court of Appeal in the US, if necessary,

and any law which is found to be not in agreement with the constitution cannot be kept in force.

To sum up, the governments in Britain and the US just bear different structures and layers. Of course, they are made on the

basis of each country’s history, cultural and social norms, and so on. So, government in each country is just the embodiment of

all its historical and current situations.