2024年2月25日发(作者：米高澹)
一、 缩写
1. GATT :General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade 关税与贸易总协定
2. WTO :World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织
3. FDI :Foreign Direct Investment 对外直接投资
4. IMF :International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织
5. MFN :Most Favored Nation 最惠国待遇
6. EEC :European Economic Community
7．NAFTA :North American Free Trade Agreement
8. NT :National Treatment
9. BOP :Balance Of Payments
:Consumer Price Index
:Initial Public Offerings
:Multinational Company
:Chief Executive Officer
:Chief Financial Officer
:Gross Domestic Product
:Gross National Product
:Equal Employment Opportunity
18．EDI :Electronic Data Interchange
19. NI :National Insurance
20. IT :Information Technology
21. APEC :Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
22．LC :Letter Of Credit
23. BL :Bill Of Lading
24. LDC :Less Developed Countries
25. RTA :Regional Trade Agreement
26. M&A :Merger And Acquisition
27. R&D :Research And Development
欧洲经济共同体
北美自由贸易协定
国民待遇
国际收支
消费价格指数
首次公开募股
跨国公司
首席执行官
财务总监
国内生产总值
国民生产总值
均等就业机会
电子数据交换
国民收入
信息技术
亚太经合组织
信用证
海运提单
发展中国家
区域性贸易协定
并购
研发
二、 短语
structure 市场结构
ry structure 产业结构
t substitutability 产品替代性
listic competition 垄断竞争
t competition 完全竞争
curve
trade
al difference
ve resource mobility
t differentiation
al revenue
al cost
unity cost
l gain tax
creation
diversion
ect competition
sum transfers
ribution of income
subsidies
barrier
favored nation
reductions
s union
tax
l economy
policy
需求曲线
零售业
物理差异
相对资源流动性
产品差异
边际收益
边际成本
机会成本
资本利得税
贸易创造
贸易转移
不完全竞争
一次性转移
收益再分配
要素补贴
贸易壁垒
最惠国待遇
关税削减
关税同盟
所得税
虚拟经济
财政政策
e income 应税所得
sive tax 递减税
tional tax 比例税
tax 单一税制
rds of living 生活水平
employment 充分就业
al treatment 国民待遇
-dumping and countervailing duties 反倾销税
m of trade 贸易自由化
e of payments 国民收支
concessions 关税减让
-trade area 自由贸易区
n statement 公司使命
gic planning 战略规划
of the business 营业范围
standing 市场地位
zational structure 组织结构
or modification 行为矫正
zational change 组织变迁
dynamics 集团动态
ial customer 潜在顾客
market 目标市场
segment 市场细分
itive advantage 竞争优势
bution channel 分销渠道
chain 供应链
ss communication 商务沟通
er relation 客户关系
relation 公共关系
communication 口头沟通
bal communication 非言语沟通
ethnic 职业道德
speaking 公开演讲
ss correspondence 商业通信
三、 翻译句子
floating
It is not surprising ,then ,that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate
system .Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.
在这种情况下，世界各国又恢复浮动利率就不足为奇了。各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。
confirm
I will send you something by EMS ,please confirm it ASAP.确认
Payment will be made by 100% confirmed , irrevocable Letter Of Credit available by
sight draft.
付款方式为100%即期、保兑，不可撤销信用证。
Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证
negotiable
Part-time barman required .Hours and salary negotiable.
招聘兼职酒店招待。工作时间和工资面议。
The Bill Of Lading is issued in a negotiable form ,so it shall constitute title
to the goods and the holder ,by endorsement of the B/L.
所签发的提单为可转让的，故只要在提单上背书，便确认了货物和持票人的所有权。
discount
You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis.
如果你方定期给我方下订单，你方就可以得到5%的折扣。
If a seller extends credit to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptance .The
seller can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft. The
bank is said to discount the draft.
如果卖方开出的是远期汇票，以此向买方提供信用，此时就做了一笔商业汇票承兑业务。卖方可以请银行买下商业承兑汇票，银行用这个方法对出口商品融资。也就是说银行对该汇票贴现了。
endorse
Our products have been endorsed by the National Quality Inspection Association.
我们的产品为全国质量检查协会的推荐产品。
Draft must be accompanied by full set original on board marine Bill Of Lading made
out to order ,endorsed in blank、marked freight prepaid.
汇票必须附有全套的正本已装船海运提单，凭指示空白背书，并写明运费已付。
average
If a particular cargo is partially damaged ,the damage is called particular average.
如果某批货是部分受损，我们称之为单独海损。
It is obvious that the products are below the average quality.
很明显，这批产品的品质是中下水平. 平均
tender
Under CIF , it is the Sellers’ obligation to tenderthe relative documents to the
buyer to enable him to obtain delivery of the goods ,if they arrive ,or to recover
for the loss ,if they are lost on the voyage. 相当于give
在CIF价格术语项下，卖方的责任是向买方递交有关单证，使其能在货物到达后提取货物，如果货物在运输途中丢失了，买方也可以凭单证获得补偿。
He became as exhilarated as if his tender for building a mansion had been accepted.
他欣喜若狂，好像他承办大厦建筑的投标被接受了。
Economics is the study of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity
and the results of those choices for society. Economic analysis of human behavior
begins with the assumption that people are rational—that they have well defined
goals and try to achieve them as best as they can. In trying to achieve their
goals, people normally face trade-offs. Because material and human resources
are limited, having more of one good thing means making do with less of some
of other good thing. 书P21
经济学是研究在资源稀缺条件下的人们怎样做出选择和这些选择的结果对社会会产生怎样的影响的一门学科。对人类行为的经济学分析是建立在理性人—即每个人都有明确的目标，并且会尽其所能实现这个目标--的假设上。在力图实现目标的过程中，人们通常会面临权衡。因为物质和人力资源都是有限的，因此多拥有某种商品意味着减少另一种商品的拥有量。
宏观经济学家研究的一些主要问题包括：经济增长和生活水平提高的源；平均劳动生产率（单位雇佣工人的产出）的变化趋势；经济增长过程中的短期波动（衰退和扩张）；失业和通货膨胀现象产生的原因和控制手段；国家之间的经济联系。 书P25
Some of the broad issues that macroeconomists study are: sources of economic growth
and improved living standards; trends in average labor productivity; short-term
fluctuations in the pace of economic growth; causes and cures of unemployment and
inflation; economic interdependence among nations.
ing to traditional trade theory, if each nation specializes in the
production of the commodity of its comparative advantage, world output will be
greater and , through trade, each nation will share in the gain. With the present
distribution of factor endowments and Technology between developed and developing
nations, the theory of comparative advantage thus prescribes that developing nations
should continue to specialize in the production of and export of raw materials,
fuels, minerals, and food to developed nations in exchange for manufactured
products. 书P71
按照传统的贸易理论，如果各国专门生产自己具有比较优势的商品，世界的总产出将会增加，通过贸易可使各国均受益。根据目前的要素禀赋和技术在发达国家和发展中国家的分布，根据计较优势理论，发展中国家就应当继续进行原料、矿产品和食物方面的专业化生产和出口，以换取发达国家的制成品。
11.重商主义者认为一国只有当其他国家损失时才可从国际贸易中获利。因此，他们主张管制进口，鼓励出口，呼吁政府对所有经济活动进行严格的管制。 书P74
The mercanlilists believed that a nation could gain in international trade only
at the expense of other nations. As a result, they advocated restrictions on imports,
incentives for exports, and strict government regulation of all economic activities.
12.战略家是对组织的兴衰成败负主要责任的人员。战略家组织企业收集、分析和整理信息。他们跟踪产业和竞争态势，建立预测模型并进行场景分析，评价公司和下属部门的绩效，评估正在出现的市场机会，识别经营威胁，提出创造性的行动计划。 书P344
Strategists are individuals who are most responsible for the success or failure
of an organization. Strategists help an organization gather, analyze, and organize
information . They track industry and competitive trends, develop forecasting models
and scenario analyses, evaluate corporate and divisional performance, spot emerging
market opportunities, identify business threats, and developed creative action
plans.
increase in international business and in foreign investment has created
a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in
cross-cultural communication. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and
forth for the purpose of reaching and agreement. It involves persuasion and
compromise. 书P507
国际贸易和海外投资的增加产生了对具有外语知识和跨文化交流技巧的经理的需求。谈判是为了达成协议而反复交流的过程。它包括说服和妥协。
onic Data Interchange(EDI) is the exchange of transactional data between
organizations by electric means as a replacement for document. EDI is the electronic
transfer of business information, with the information being sent in a format that
conforms to certain standards. It introduces the possibility of “paperless”
trading and promises the end of repetitive form filling, stock orders and order forms
of “paper shifting”. 书P508
电子数据交换（EDI）是指将企业间交易往来的资料由从前文件交换的方式改成利用电子方式传送。电子数据交换就是企业信息按照特定标准的格式经由电子的方式交换。它使“无纸”贸易成为可能，终结了以往填写文件表格、添货单以及其他形式的”文件转移”方式。
15.由于文化的多样性和复杂性，要对世界上各种文化一一进行解释并提出每一种文化对人们行为的影响是十分困难也是不可能的。 书P510
Due to the varieties and multifaceses of cultures, it is very difficult and
impossible to look into every culture and its impact on individual’s behavior.
16.海外人士在上海及周边地区的投资近年来翻了两番。出现这一高涨不止的投资热有多种原因。除了中国是世界上经济增长最快的国家之外，中国政府和地方政府很重视对外全面开放，不仅开放沿海城市，也开放内地，尽可能吸收外资。
Overseas investment in Shanghai and its surroundings has quadruped in recent
years. There are many reasons for this rising investment boom. Apart from the fact
that China is one of the fast growing economics in the world, the Chinese central
government and local governments focus a lot of their attention on opening the whole
country up to the outside world, both the coastal cities and the country’s interior
areas. They are doing all they can to attract foreign investment.
2024年2月25日发(作者：米高澹)
一、 缩写
1. GATT :General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade 关税与贸易总协定
2. WTO :World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织
3. FDI :Foreign Direct Investment 对外直接投资
4. IMF :International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织
5. MFN :Most Favored Nation 最惠国待遇
6. EEC :European Economic Community
7．NAFTA :North American Free Trade Agreement
8. NT :National Treatment
9. BOP :Balance Of Payments
:Consumer Price Index
:Initial Public Offerings
:Multinational Company
:Chief Executive Officer
:Chief Financial Officer
:Gross Domestic Product
:Gross National Product
:Equal Employment Opportunity
18．EDI :Electronic Data Interchange
19. NI :National Insurance
20. IT :Information Technology
21. APEC :Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
22．LC :Letter Of Credit
23. BL :Bill Of Lading
24. LDC :Less Developed Countries
25. RTA :Regional Trade Agreement
26. M&A :Merger And Acquisition
27. R&D :Research And Development
欧洲经济共同体
北美自由贸易协定
国民待遇
国际收支
消费价格指数
首次公开募股
跨国公司
首席执行官
财务总监
国内生产总值
国民生产总值
均等就业机会
电子数据交换
国民收入
信息技术
亚太经合组织
信用证
海运提单
发展中国家
区域性贸易协定
并购
研发
二、 短语
structure 市场结构
ry structure 产业结构
t substitutability 产品替代性
listic competition 垄断竞争
t competition 完全竞争
curve
trade
al difference
ve resource mobility
t differentiation
al revenue
al cost
unity cost
l gain tax
creation
diversion
ect competition
sum transfers
ribution of income
subsidies
barrier
favored nation
reductions
s union
tax
l economy
policy
需求曲线
零售业
物理差异
相对资源流动性
产品差异
边际收益
边际成本
机会成本
资本利得税
贸易创造
贸易转移
不完全竞争
一次性转移
收益再分配
要素补贴
贸易壁垒
最惠国待遇
关税削减
关税同盟
所得税
虚拟经济
财政政策
e income 应税所得
sive tax 递减税
tional tax 比例税
tax 单一税制
rds of living 生活水平
employment 充分就业
al treatment 国民待遇
-dumping and countervailing duties 反倾销税
m of trade 贸易自由化
e of payments 国民收支
concessions 关税减让
-trade area 自由贸易区
n statement 公司使命
gic planning 战略规划
of the business 营业范围
standing 市场地位
zational structure 组织结构
or modification 行为矫正
zational change 组织变迁
dynamics 集团动态
ial customer 潜在顾客
market 目标市场
segment 市场细分
itive advantage 竞争优势
bution channel 分销渠道
chain 供应链
ss communication 商务沟通
er relation 客户关系
relation 公共关系
communication 口头沟通
bal communication 非言语沟通
ethnic 职业道德
speaking 公开演讲
ss correspondence 商业通信
三、 翻译句子
floating
It is not surprising ,then ,that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate
system .Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.
在这种情况下，世界各国又恢复浮动利率就不足为奇了。各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。
confirm
I will send you something by EMS ,please confirm it ASAP.确认
Payment will be made by 100% confirmed , irrevocable Letter Of Credit available by
sight draft.
付款方式为100%即期、保兑，不可撤销信用证。
Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证
negotiable
Part-time barman required .Hours and salary negotiable.
招聘兼职酒店招待。工作时间和工资面议。
The Bill Of Lading is issued in a negotiable form ,so it shall constitute title
to the goods and the holder ,by endorsement of the B/L.
所签发的提单为可转让的，故只要在提单上背书，便确认了货物和持票人的所有权。
discount
You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis.
如果你方定期给我方下订单，你方就可以得到5%的折扣。
If a seller extends credit to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptance .The
seller can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft. The
bank is said to discount the draft.
如果卖方开出的是远期汇票，以此向买方提供信用，此时就做了一笔商业汇票承兑业务。卖方可以请银行买下商业承兑汇票，银行用这个方法对出口商品融资。也就是说银行对该汇票贴现了。
endorse
Our products have been endorsed by the National Quality Inspection Association.
我们的产品为全国质量检查协会的推荐产品。
Draft must be accompanied by full set original on board marine Bill Of Lading made
out to order ,endorsed in blank、marked freight prepaid.
汇票必须附有全套的正本已装船海运提单，凭指示空白背书，并写明运费已付。
average
If a particular cargo is partially damaged ,the damage is called particular average.
如果某批货是部分受损，我们称之为单独海损。
It is obvious that the products are below the average quality.
很明显，这批产品的品质是中下水平. 平均
tender
Under CIF , it is the Sellers’ obligation to tenderthe relative documents to the
buyer to enable him to obtain delivery of the goods ,if they arrive ,or to recover
for the loss ,if they are lost on the voyage. 相当于give
在CIF价格术语项下，卖方的责任是向买方递交有关单证，使其能在货物到达后提取货物，如果货物在运输途中丢失了，买方也可以凭单证获得补偿。
He became as exhilarated as if his tender for building a mansion had been accepted.
他欣喜若狂，好像他承办大厦建筑的投标被接受了。
Economics is the study of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity
and the results of those choices for society. Economic analysis of human behavior
begins with the assumption that people are rational—that they have well defined
goals and try to achieve them as best as they can. In trying to achieve their
goals, people normally face trade-offs. Because material and human resources
are limited, having more of one good thing means making do with less of some
of other good thing. 书P21
经济学是研究在资源稀缺条件下的人们怎样做出选择和这些选择的结果对社会会产生怎样的影响的一门学科。对人类行为的经济学分析是建立在理性人—即每个人都有明确的目标，并且会尽其所能实现这个目标--的假设上。在力图实现目标的过程中，人们通常会面临权衡。因为物质和人力资源都是有限的，因此多拥有某种商品意味着减少另一种商品的拥有量。
宏观经济学家研究的一些主要问题包括：经济增长和生活水平提高的源；平均劳动生产率（单位雇佣工人的产出）的变化趋势；经济增长过程中的短期波动（衰退和扩张）；失业和通货膨胀现象产生的原因和控制手段；国家之间的经济联系。 书P25
Some of the broad issues that macroeconomists study are: sources of economic growth
and improved living standards; trends in average labor productivity; short-term
fluctuations in the pace of economic growth; causes and cures of unemployment and
inflation; economic interdependence among nations.
ing to traditional trade theory, if each nation specializes in the
production of the commodity of its comparative advantage, world output will be
greater and , through trade, each nation will share in the gain. With the present
distribution of factor endowments and Technology between developed and developing
nations, the theory of comparative advantage thus prescribes that developing nations
should continue to specialize in the production of and export of raw materials,
fuels, minerals, and food to developed nations in exchange for manufactured
products. 书P71
按照传统的贸易理论，如果各国专门生产自己具有比较优势的商品，世界的总产出将会增加，通过贸易可使各国均受益。根据目前的要素禀赋和技术在发达国家和发展中国家的分布，根据计较优势理论，发展中国家就应当继续进行原料、矿产品和食物方面的专业化生产和出口，以换取发达国家的制成品。
11.重商主义者认为一国只有当其他国家损失时才可从国际贸易中获利。因此，他们主张管制进口，鼓励出口，呼吁政府对所有经济活动进行严格的管制。 书P74
The mercanlilists believed that a nation could gain in international trade only
at the expense of other nations. As a result, they advocated restrictions on imports,
incentives for exports, and strict government regulation of all economic activities.
12.战略家是对组织的兴衰成败负主要责任的人员。战略家组织企业收集、分析和整理信息。他们跟踪产业和竞争态势，建立预测模型并进行场景分析，评价公司和下属部门的绩效，评估正在出现的市场机会，识别经营威胁，提出创造性的行动计划。 书P344
Strategists are individuals who are most responsible for the success or failure
of an organization. Strategists help an organization gather, analyze, and organize
information . They track industry and competitive trends, develop forecasting models
and scenario analyses, evaluate corporate and divisional performance, spot emerging
market opportunities, identify business threats, and developed creative action
plans.
increase in international business and in foreign investment has created
a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in
cross-cultural communication. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and
forth for the purpose of reaching and agreement. It involves persuasion and
compromise. 书P507
国际贸易和海外投资的增加产生了对具有外语知识和跨文化交流技巧的经理的需求。谈判是为了达成协议而反复交流的过程。它包括说服和妥协。
onic Data Interchange(EDI) is the exchange of transactional data between
organizations by electric means as a replacement for document. EDI is the electronic
transfer of business information, with the information being sent in a format that
conforms to certain standards. It introduces the possibility of “paperless”
trading and promises the end of repetitive form filling, stock orders and order forms
of “paper shifting”. 书P508
电子数据交换（EDI）是指将企业间交易往来的资料由从前文件交换的方式改成利用电子方式传送。电子数据交换就是企业信息按照特定标准的格式经由电子的方式交换。它使“无纸”贸易成为可能，终结了以往填写文件表格、添货单以及其他形式的”文件转移”方式。
15.由于文化的多样性和复杂性，要对世界上各种文化一一进行解释并提出每一种文化对人们行为的影响是十分困难也是不可能的。 书P510
Due to the varieties and multifaceses of cultures, it is very difficult and
impossible to look into every culture and its impact on individual’s behavior.
16.海外人士在上海及周边地区的投资近年来翻了两番。出现这一高涨不止的投资热有多种原因。除了中国是世界上经济增长最快的国家之外，中国政府和地方政府很重视对外全面开放，不仅开放沿海城市，也开放内地，尽可能吸收外资。
Overseas investment in Shanghai and its surroundings has quadruped in recent
years. There are many reasons for this rising investment boom. Apart from the fact
that China is one of the fast growing economics in the world, the Chinese central
government and local governments focus a lot of their attention on opening the whole
country up to the outside world, both the coastal cities and the country’s interior
areas. They are doing all they can to attract foreign investment.