2024年2月28日发(作者:矫婉容)
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2002年真题答案
diffusion n. 扩散;传播,普及,散布 (P1L1)
display n. (计算机屏幕上的)显示,显像 (P2L4)
dominant a. more important, powerful or noticeable than other things 首要的;占支配地位的;显著的 例:The firm has achieved a dominant position in the world market. 这家公司在国际市场上占有举足轻重的地位。 (P1L3)
generalization n. 概括,归纳,泛论 例:You are making too many generalizations about an issue
that you don't really understand.你对一个你并不真正了解的问题做了太多的归纳。 (P3L4)
impact
n. * powerful effect that something has on somebody/something 巨大影响;强大作用 [+ (of sth)
(on sb/sth)] 2. 撞击;冲撞;冲击力
v. (对某事物)有影响,有作用 [+ (on/upon) sth] 例:Her father’s death impacted greatly on her
childhood years. 父亲去世对她的童年造成巨大影响。 2.冲击;撞击 (P2L2)
integrated circuit 集成电路 (P2L2)
in the wake of 随……之后而来,跟随在……之后 例:Outbreaks of disease occurred in the wake of
the drought. 那场旱灾过后,疾病肆虐。 (P1L4)
motion picture (=movie) 电影 (P1L6) periodical n. 期刊,杂志 (P1L4)
through prep. 经过,贯穿(各阶段);自始至终 例:The children are too young to sit through a
concert. 这些孩子太小,音乐会没完就坐不住了。 (P1L6)
weigh
v. * consider something carefully before making a decision 认真考虑;权衡;斟酌 [+ sth (up), +
(up) sth (against sth)] 例:You must weigh up the pros and cons. 你必须权衡利弊。 have an
influence on somebody’s opinion or the result of something (对看法或结果)有影响;有分量[+(with
sb) (against sb/sth)] 例:His past record weighs heavily against him. 他过去的记录对他很不利。
(P3L4)
perspective
n. 1.态度;观点;思考方法 [+ (on sth)] 例:a wider perspective on the problem看待这个问题的更广阔的视角 * ability to think about problems and decisions in a reasonable way without
exaggerating their importance客观判断力,权衡轻重的能力 (8题)
pick up
*1.改善;好转;增强 2.重新开始;继续 例:Let’s pick up where we left off yesterday.咱们从昨天停下的地方继续吧。 3.拿起,举起,提起,拾起 4.接收(信号、声音、图像等);(偶然)得到,听到,学会;(碰巧或廉价地)买到 例:We were able to pick up the BBC World Service. 我们能收到英国广播公司国际广播节目。5.辨认,识别出;跟踪,追寻;察觉,发现 例:Scientists can now pick up early signs
of the disease. 现在科学家能够辨认这种疾病的早期症状。to pick up the scent/trail of an animal 追寻动物的臭迹/踪迹 I picked up the faint sound of a car in the distance. 我听到远处传来微弱的汽车声。
(5题)
range
n. 1.一系列 [+ (of sth)] * limits between which something varies(变动或浮动的)范围,界限,幅度 v. 1.(在一定的范围内)变化,变动 [+ from A to B, + between A and B] 例:to range in
size/length/price from A to B 尺寸/长度/价格在 A 到 B间变动 2.包括(从……到……)之间的各类事物 [+ (from A to B)] 例:She has had a number of different jobs, ranging from chef to swimming
instructor. 她做过许多不同的工作,从厨师到游泳教练。 (17题)
regard
v. 1.把……视为;看待 [+ sb/sth (with sth), +sb/sth as sth] 2.注意,重视 例:You must regard the
safety regulations.你必须重视安全规则。 3.(尤指以某种方式)注视,凝视 例:He regarded us
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suspiciously. 他以怀疑的眼光看着我们。 n. ion to or thought and care for sb/sth 注意;关注;关心 [+ to/for sb/sth] 例:to do something with little/no regard for sb/sth 做事几乎不/根本不顾及某人/某事物 2.尊重;敬佩 [+ (for sb/sth)] 例:I had great regard for his abilities. 我非常敬佩他的能力。 (15题)
term
n. 词语;术语;措辞 例:technical/legal-terms 技术/法律术语
v. 把……称为;把……叫做 例:At his age, he can hardly be termed a young man. 到了这个年纪,他称不上是年轻人了。 (15题)
work up
*1.逐步建立,逐步发展(到),逐步达到 [+(to sth)] 2.使激动;使发怒 [+(into something)] 例:Don’t work yourself up into a state about it.别为此大动肝火。I can’t get worked up about cars. 我对汽车提不起兴趣。 3.使完整;修整 [+into something] 例:I’m working my notes up into a dissertation.
我正在把我的笔记整理成一篇论文。 (5题)
Text 1词汇注释
alternatively
ad. 二选一地 例:We could take the train or alternatively go by car. 我们可以坐火车去,也可以坐汽车去。
【记】构词:alter(其它)+ative(形容词后缀)+ly(副词后缀);(其它的选择)二选一地 (P1L5)
be relevant to
与……有关 例:This type of university course is no longer relevant to today’s problems. 这类大学课程对当今的问题而言已没有实际价值。(P1L2)
comment
v. 评论, 发表意见 例: Asked about the date of the election, the Prime Minister commented that no
decision had yet been made. 首相对询问选举日期一事称尚未作出决定. (P1L6)
in sympathy with (P1L3)
支持某人/某事 例:I’m sure she will be in sympathy with your proposal. 我确信她一定赞成你的建议。
notorious
a. 声名狼藉的;臭名昭著的 例:The country is notorious for its appalling prison conditions. 这个国家因监狱状况恶劣而臭名远扬。(P3L3)
shared
a. 共同的,共享的 例:Shared ambition is the vital nexus between them. 共同的志向是把他们联结在一起的重要纽带。(P1L1)
accommodation
n. *1. room(s) for sb to stay, live, or work in; lodging房间(尤指作居住用);住所,住处;工作场所 2. [用复数](酒店、火车、船等提供的)住宿膳食服务; 膳宿 3. process of adapting; adjustment适应; 调节(用~ of sth to sth) 例:arrange the accommodation of my plans to yours 调整我的计划以便和你的相适应 4.[用单数] 调解,和解(使意见不同的人都能满意) 例:came to an accommodation.达成和解(P2L3)
【记】构词:ac(=to)+com(一起)+mod(方式)+ation(名词后缀);(一起生活的方式)住所
address
speak directly to sb向……讲话;对……发表演说 例:He addressed the audience in an eloquent
speech. 他向听众发表了雄辩的演说。(P1L4)
convention
n. 1. behavior and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal and right 惯例,常规,习俗 2. (尤指国家间的) 公约;协定 例:the Geneva Convention日内瓦协定 *3.(同一行业或同一组
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织的人参加的)大会,会议 (P2L1)
【记】构词:con(一起)+ven(来到)+tion(名词后缀);(一起来到)大会,会议
deliver
vt. *to give (a lecture, sermon, speech,etc.) 授(课),讲(道),讲(话) 例:She delivered a talk on
philosophy. 她作了一次有关哲学的讲话。(P4L2)
disorganized
a. badly planned; not able to plan or organize well 计划不周的;缺乏组织的;杂乱无章的 例:She’s so
disorganized and she never gets anything done. 她太缺乏条理了,什么事也做不成。 (P1L5)
off-the-cuff
a./ad. [一般用于名词前] (讲话、回答等)未经准备的,当场的,即席的 例:an off-the-cuff toast 即兴的祝酒词/ He answered the question off-the-cuff. 他即席地回答问题。(cuff袖口;本词的构词法是:介词+the+名词=复合形容词,类似的词还有: off-the-shelf 现成的, 成品的;round-the-clock 日夜不停的,持续一整天的)(P4L2)
【记】构词:off(距,离)+the+cuff(袖口);(就在袖口边,随时准备)当场的,即席的
passing
a. [仅用于名词前] past经过的,通过的 例:the passing cars来往的汽车。 *, or
disappearing after only a short time短暂的,一时的 例:He didnt even give the matter a passing
thought.他对那件事甚至连想都没想一下。(P3L2)【记】构词:pass(通过)+ing(形容词后缀);(通过的)暂时的,短暂的
understatement
n. 1. a statement that is not strong enough to express how good, bad, impressive,etc. sth really is不充分的陈述,轻描淡写的陈述 例:To say the movie was bad is an understatement. 说这电影不好是一种低调的陈述。 2.一种修辞手法,故意的轻描淡写(under前缀,表示“未达,未满,不足”,如:undertreatment
n.处理不足或不力,underripe a. 不成熟的)(P5L2)
【记】构词:under(否定)+state(陈述)+ment(名词后缀);(陈述不充分)轻描淡写的陈述
be on dangerous/safe ground
to be expressing ideas that are likely or unlikely to offend or embarrass sb 处于危险/安全境(指提出的看法可能或不可能冒犯某人或使其难堪)(P3L5)
cut in
插嘴,打断 例:It is impolite for children to cut in when their seniors are talking. 孩子们在他们的长辈谈话时插嘴是不礼貌的。(P3L4)
play on/upon words
to make a joke, as with two words of different meanings that sound alike 说双关语,说俏皮话 (P5L2)
turn about
1.(cause to)face in the opposite direction(使)向后转 * change ones opinion or argument改变看法或论点 例:The boss seemed to have completely turned about. 老板好像已经完全改变了主意。 deeply over sth反复思考 (P5L3)
disparaging a. 蔑视的,轻视的,毁谤的 (P3L4)
scapegoat n. 替罪羊(与“羊”有关的词语还有black sheep害群之马,a lost sheep 迷路的羊, 误入歧途的人)(P3L5)
stomp n./v. 跺脚,践踏,重踏 (P2L5)
句式结构分析及佳句模仿
humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them
or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.
注释:主句中两个并列的谓语部分都含有情态动词(must be ,should help ),
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表示提出建议。第二个谓语中使用show sb sth双宾语结构,表示“向某人展示某物”,句中show的间接宾语them指代audience,直接宾语是两个that引导的并列的宾语从句。
翻译:你的幽默必须与听众有关,应该有助于向他们表明你是他们中的一员,或者你了解他们的处境并赞同他们的观点。
you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their
secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their
disorganized bosses.
注释:两个if条件从句的并列、talking to和addressing、refer to和comment on的同义替换以及disorganized的重复,使该句子变化中有重复,动中有静。
翻译:如果你在和经理们交谈,你就可以评论他们的秘书的工作缺乏条理;或者,如果你在同秘书们交谈,你就可以评论他们毫无章法的老板。
is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the
audience all shared the same view of doctors.
注释:here可在给某人东西或指出某物时说,如:Here’s the money I promised you.这是我答应给你的钱。work意思是“起作用,有效”。例:How long does a sleeping pill take to work? 安眠药要多长时间才起作用?
翻译:举个例子,它是我在一次护士代表大会上听到的。这个故事效果很好,因为在场的听众对医生都持相同的看法。
you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the
experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a
passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties.
注释:该句子有多重结构。第一重是句首if引导的条件从句和主句构成主从复合句。if从句充当主句的条件状语,主句由两个并列的分句构成:you and itll 。第二重是,if从句中的group后接有一个限定性定语从句做定语,可译为“你谈话对象的群体”。主句中后一分句的结构是itll
be appropriate for sb to 。be in a position to do sth意思是“由于客观或主观条件可能做某事”,如:He is in a position to marry.他有条件结婚。passing 意思是“粗略的,随便的,仓促的”,如:a passing
mention 顺便提及。
翻译:如果你是谈话对象集体中的一员,就可以设身处地了解你们所有人共有的经历和问题,你可以对食堂极难吃的食物或者领导在选择领带方面差劲的品味评头论足。
other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider
making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.
注释:句中as 引导的是原因状语从句,will在这里是情态动词,表示某种推测。cut in with sth意思是“以……插入”。
翻译:而对于其他听众,你千万不要试图插入这类幽默,因为他们会反感一个局外人对他们的食堂或领导发表蔑视性的评论。
ing on whom teachers are instructing, the methods will be different. 根据老师指导对象的不同,方法也有所不同。(Para 1 句③)
for the inspiration. It often comes from the unexpected. 寻找灵感,灵感常常来自意料之外。(Para 5 句①②)
Text 2词汇注释
artificial intelligence 人工智能 (P4L1)
disregard v.不理会,漠视 例:You can’t just disregard the security problem! 你可不能忽视安全问题! (P5L5)
glimpse v. 一瞥,一看 例:glimpse someone between the half-drawn curtains 从半掩的窗帘夹缝中瞥见某人. (P5L4)
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ingenuity n. 创造力 例:Drug smugglers constantly use their ingenuity to find new ways of getting
drugs into a country. 毒品走私贩常常用他们的创造力来发现将毒品运到一个国家的新方法。(P1L1)
【记】构词:in(里面)+genu(制造)+ity(名词后缀);(里面有制造的能力)创造力
instantaneously
ad.即刻地,突如其来地例:The experiment shows that human eye can instantaneously detect spooky
action. 实验证明了人类的眼睛能够立刻察觉幽灵一般的动作。(P5L5)【记】拆词:instant(立刻)+aneous(形容词后缀);(立刻的)瞬间的(P5L5)
rhythm n. 节奏,韵律 例:the rhythm of her heart/ pulse beating 她的心跳/脉搏的节律 (P2L3)
assembly
n.1.议会,立法机构 例:the New York State Assembly 纽约州议会 together of a group of
people for a specific purpose; a group of people who do this集合;集会;集会者 例:the right of
assembly/freedom of assembly 集会的权利/自由 * or process of fitting together the parts of sth装配;安装;组装 (P2L3)
burdensome
a. hard to bear; troublesome难以承担的; 令人困扰的(burden n./v. 担子,负担;—some后缀,1.构成形容词,表示“引起或易于……的”,如:fearsome 可怕的,quarrelsome 爱争吵的;2.构成名词,表示“……个(人)一组”,如:a foursome 四人组合)(P1L2)
【记】构词:burden(负担)+some(充满……的);负担的,恼人的
compulsion
1.强迫,强制 例:You are under no compulsion to pay immediately. 没有人强迫你立刻付款。*2.难以抗拒的冲动,禁不住要做的事 例:Drinking is a compulsion with her. 她忍不住要喝酒。compulsory a.
强制的,强迫的;义务的(词根puls意为to drive“驱动,推”,如:impulse n. 推进,冲动,刺激)(P1L2)
【记】构词:com(共同)+puls(推)+ion(名词后缀);(共同推进)禁不住要做的事
confer
vi. 商谈,商议,讨论(后跟介词on/about) 例:The congresswoman is conferring with her advisors
on the matter. 这位女国会议员正就此事与其顾问商议。
vt. *授予(称号、头衔、学位、荣誉权力等)(用~ sth on/upon sb) 例:An honorary degree was conferred
on him by the University. 大学授予他一个荣誉学位。(P1L3)
【记】构词:con(共同)+fer(带,拿);(都拿来)授予
cunning
a. 1.(指人或其行为、动作)狡猾的,狡诈的(以达到某种目的) 例:Hes a cunning old fox. 他是诡计多端的老狐狸。 *2.(物体或设备)巧妙的,不同寻常的 (P1L1)
n. 狡猾,狡诈 例:He resorted to low cunning to get what he wanted. 他用卑鄙的欺诈手段得到想要的东西。
dawn
n. 1.[U,C] 黎明;拂晓;破晓 *2.[用单数] the beginning or first signs of sth开端;曙光;萌芽(后跟介词of) 例: the dawn of civilization/history文明/历史的开端
vi. 1.(of a day or a period of time) to begin(一天或一个期限)开始 例:A new technological age had
dawned.新技术时代已经开始。 2.变得明朗;开始清楚 例: Slowly the awful truth dawned. 可怕的事实慢慢地清晰起来。sth dawns on sb使开始明白,使渐渐领悟(P1L1)
fraction
n. *1.a very small amount of sth少量,一点儿 例:Gwen carefully opened the door of a fraction. 格温小心地把门打开了一点。 2.(数学上的)分数;小数 (P5L3)
mixed
a. *1.(品质、情感等)有好有坏的,混杂的 例:The play was given a mixed reception by the critics
(=some liked it, some did not). 批评家们对这出戏的评价毁誉参半。 2.[仅用于名词前] consisting of
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different types of the same thing(几种东西)混合的,掺杂在一起的 例:a mixed salad 什锦色拉
(P4L1)
nasty
a. * bad or unpleasant极差的,令人厌恶的 例:nasty weather 恶劣的天气 ely unkind极不友善的,恶毒的,令人不愉快的 例:Dont be so nasty to your mum. 别对你妈妈这么凶。
or very painful严重的 例:a nasty cut on the head 头部严重的伤口 ive, in bad taste无礼的,污秽的,下流的 例:nasty joke 下流的笑话(P1L2)
robotics
n. 机器人学,关于建造和使用机器人的技术(P1L2)
【记】构词:robot(机器人)+ics(学科);机器人技术;含-ics后缀的如:physics 物理学
spell
n. *1. a period of time一段时间 例: a spell of warm weather一段天气温暖的日子 spell as a singer当歌手的一段时间 2. 咒语;符咒;魔法 例: a book of spells 咒语集 3.[用单数]魅力,魔力 例: I
completely fell under her spell. 我完全给她迷住了。 (P4L1)
terminal
n. 1.(飞机、公共汽车、轮船或货物运输的)集散站;终点站 *2.(计算机的)终端;终端设备
a. 1.(致命疾病的)晚期的,末期的;(人)病危的,临终的 state of becoming worse and worse
and never getting better越来越糟的;一蹶不振的 例:Britains industrial base seems in a terminal
decline.英国的工业基础仿佛日薄西山。 (P2L3) 【记】构词:term边界+al(形容词后缀);终端
microprocessor n. 微处理器 (P4L2) miniaturization n. 小型化 (P2L5)
submillimeter n. 小于毫米的(P2L6)
【记】构词:sub(表示“小于,低于,在……之下,副,亚,次”)+mill(千分之一)+meter(米)
transistor n. 晶体管 (P4L2) gizmo n. 小玩意儿,小装置 (P2L1)
句式结构分析及佳句模仿
if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to
come close.
注释:该句子是含if条件从句的主从复合句。注意其中词汇的用法。从句中have yet to表否定,意为“尚未,还不得不”;the mechanical version of science fiction是“机械版的科幻小说”,也就是指科幻小说中的梦想在机器人上的实现;主句中的come close是“走近”,而come to a close是“结束,完成”。
翻译:如果说科学家还没有创造出机械版的科幻小说,那么他们已经开始接近目标了。
a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we
barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
注释:intelligent gizmo指“智能机器人”,修饰它的两个定语从句中whose接的词都是抽象名词(presence,existence)。
翻译:由此引起的结果是,现代世界充斥着越来越多的智能仪器,虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们,但他们的普遍存在却减少了大量人类劳力。
thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics, there are already
robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter
accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
注释:该句的主干是there are robot systems,破折号后面的部分用来补充说明submillimeter accuracy。句首介词短语thanks to(由于,多亏……)引导原因状语。
翻译:由于电子学及微机械制造学的不断微型化发展,现在已出现了机器人系统能够进行精确到亚毫米的脑部和骨髓手术,其精确性远远超过技术相当娴熟的医生仅凭双手所达到的水平。
if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less
human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a
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real challenge.
注释:该句子是含if条件从句的主从复合句,句首but表示对上一段内容的转折。破折号后是一个补充说明成分,修饰整个主句,其中goals指的是前面主句的两个并列谓语动作。if从句中be to do结构表示一种愿望,可译为“要想……”,例:If you are to succeed, you must be patient and persistent.要想成功,就必须有耐心,有毅力,这种结构还可以表示安排(They are to marry next week)、命令(You are
to be back by 10 oclock)、禁止(Children are not to smoke)等。
翻译:但是要想让机器人进入节省劳力的下一个阶段,它们必须能够在更少的人类监控下运行,并且至少能够独立地作一些决定。这些是真正具有挑战性的目标。
e a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits
and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010,
researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
注释:该句子的特点是状语修饰成分较长。从despite开始一直到2010都是句子的让步状语,意为“尽管……”。a spell of意思是“一段时间”,It appeared that意思是“似乎,好像”,如:It appears that you have
known the news. 你好像已经知道这个消息了。
翻译:虽然在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段最初的乐观时期——那时侯仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展使人们相信它们在2010年能够复制人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员己经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至数百年。
they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred
billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than
previously imagined.
注释:该句中的特点是插入语的使用。句子主干是What they found ,主语和be动词间的插入成分是“介词in+现在分词结构”做状语。be动词后是that引导的表语从句,该从句其实是两个句子的糅合,即nerve cells are much more talented than (they are)previously imagined和human perception
is far more complicated than (it is) previously imagined,句子通过破折号的方式把两个句子共同的部分省略掉了。
翻译:在试图建造人类思维模型的过程中,研究人员发现,人类大脑中近一千亿个神经细胞远比以前想象的更聪明,人类的感知也更复杂。
the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98
percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road
or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
注释:该句子关键要把握其结构上对几个动词的处理:the human mind ,
,前两个动词由and连接,做主句的谓语,第三个动词focus on变为分词结构做结果状语。
翻译:但是人脑瞥一眼快速变化的场景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即聚焦于婉蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一张可疑面孔上。
a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by plastic products whose presence we
seldom notice but whose universal existence has facilitated much human lives. 由此引起的结果是,现代世界充斥着越来越多的塑料制品,虽然我们很少注意他们,但他们的普遍存在却极大地方便了人们的生活。(Para 2 句①)
Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller
terminals that us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are
controlled by tireless robotdrivers.(Para 2句②③④)
我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人组装臂的节奏声;我们的银行业务在自动柜员机终端完成,它们用机器礼貌语言感谢我们办理业务;我们的地铁由不知疲倦的机器人司机驾驶。[三句话采用排比手法,通过罗列的方式反映出我们现在的生活里到处都有机器人的影子。拟人手法的使用赋予了机器人很多人的特质,
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生动地表现出他们和人的相似性,例:robot arms,automated teller terminals thank us with politeness,tireless robot drivers。]
Text 3词汇注释
barrel n. 桶 (P1L2) economic decline 经济衰退 (P1L1) excess demand 过量需求 (P5L2)
export v./n. 出口 例:a ban on the export of gold 禁止黄金出口 (P2L1)
import
v./n. 进口 例:The country has to import most of its raw materials. 这个国家原料大部分靠进口。
(P4L6)
inflation
n. 通货膨胀 例:The new government’s prime task is to reduce the level of inflation. 新政府的主要任务是减低通货膨胀的水平。 (P5L2)
jump
v. * 1.暴涨,猛增 例:Prices jumped by 60% last year. 物价去年暴涨60% make a sudden
movement because of surprise, fear or excitement (因吃惊、害怕或激动而)猛地一动,突然一跳 例:Her heart jumped when she heard the news. 听到那消息她的心猛地一跳。 change suddenly from
one subject to another 突然改变,突然转换(话题、题目) 例:I couldn’t follow the talk because he kept
jumping about from one topic to another. 我听不明白他的讲话,他老是从一个话题突然转向另一个话题。 leave out something and pass to a further point or stage 略去;略过;跳过 例:You seem to
have jumped several steps in the argument. 你在论证中似乎略去了好几个步骤。 (P1L2)
scary
a.可怕的,恐怖的 例:a scary movie/story 一部恐怖的电影/一本恐怖的书 (P1L3)
tripling n.三倍 例:Norway sees tripling of triplet births since 1960s. 现在挪威的三胞胎是二十世纪六十年代的三倍。 (P1L3)
conservation
n. 保护,保存;节约(自然资源) 例:Conservation of water is of great importance in desert areas. 沙漠地区实行控制用水非常重要。 conserve v. 保存,保藏(P4L2)
【记】构词:con(一起)+serv(保持)+ation(名词后缀);保护,保存
crude
a. ive or rude; vulgar粗鲁的,粗野的;粗俗的(尤指牵涉到性) 例:He made some crude jokes.
他说了一些粗俗的笑话。2.粗制的,粗陋的 例:a crude sketch 粗略的草图 * the natural state;
unrefined天然的,未提炼的 例:crude rubber 天然橡胶(P1L2)
energyintensive
a. 能源密集型的(类似的词还有laborintensive 劳动密集型的,intellectintensive 智力密集型的;intensive a. 加强的,密集的,精深的,透彻的) (P4L2)
【记】组合词:energy(能源)+intensive(密集的);能源密集型的
gloom
n. *1. 忧郁,愁闷,无望 例:The gloom deepened as the election results came in. 选举结果陆续传来,失败的情绪越来越重。 2.幽暗,黑暗,昏暗 例:come back in the gathering gloom在朦胧暮色中回来;gloomy a. 阴暗的,令人沮丧的,阴郁的 (P1L5)
muted
a. 1.(声音)弱化的,微弱不清的;(颜色)不耀眼的, 柔和的 例:They spoke in muted voices. 他们轻声说话。muted greens and blues 各种柔和的绿色和蓝色 * openly or vigorously expressed非公开或非强烈表达的,暗中的 例:muted criticism 温和的批评 (P3L4)
pump
n. *1.泵,唧筒,抽水机,打气筒;文中是用加油的“泵”指代“汽油” act of pumping抽吸,泵送,
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抽运
vt.(用泵)抽出或注入(液体、气体等) 例:pump water out of the cellars用泵抽地下室里的水
vi. 1.(又作pump away)快速地上下移动,迅速地进进出出 My heart was pumping fast. 我的心脏跳得很快。 2.(of a liquid) to comes out in sudden small amounts(液体)间歇地喷出 例:The blood was
pumping from the wound in his thigh.血从他大腿的伤口处喷出。(P3L4)
sizable
a. 相当大的 例:a sizable expansion of oil industry 石油工业的可观发展 (P5L2)
squeeze
vt. press sth firmly inwards压,挤,捏,榨 manage to do sth although you are very busy为(做某事)设法挤出时间 例:How do you manage to squeeze so much into one day? 你一天里怎么能有时间做那么多事情? * strictly limit the amount of money that is available to a company or
organization紧缩(某公司或机构)的资金;使……经济拮据 例:The failure of the levy has squeezed
the school districts budget.税款征收不利使学区预算拨款变得拮据起来。
vt.&vi. (使)挤进;塞入(后常跟介词或副词) 例:Five of us squeezed into the back seat of the car.我们中有5个人挤进了汽车的后座。
n. 1. 紧捏,紧握,挤压2.[用单数] 拥挤,密集 (P4L9)
【记】谐音:“似鬼子”,这些人好像压榨老百姓。从“挤、榨”引申为“紧缩……的资金”
suspend
v. hang something from something else 悬;挂;吊 例:A lamp was suspended from the ceiling.
一盏吊灯悬在天花板上。* officially stop something for a time; to prevent something from being
active, used,etc. for a time 暂停;中止;使暂停发挥作用(或使用等) 例:Production has been
suspended while safety checks are carried out. 在进行安全检查期间生产暂停。 officially delay
something; to arrange for something to happen later than planned 延缓;暂缓;推迟 例:The
introduction of the new system has been suspended until next year. 新制度推迟到明年再行实施。
(P2L1)
【记】sus(在下面)+pend(悬挂);当店主出去时,小店的门把手上通常会挂上一个“暂停营业”的牌子
call sb/sth up
1.打电话给(某人) *2.使回忆起,使想起 例:The smell of the sea called up memories of her
childhood. 大海的气息勾起了她对童年的回忆。 use sth that is stored or kept available调用储存,调出备用 例:She called up her last reserves of strength.她使尽了最后一点力气。(P1L3)
hemisphere
n. *1.地球的半球(尤指赤道以北或以南的北半球或南半球)2.半球,半球体(P2L2)
【记】构词:sphere n. 球,球体;hemi前缀,意为half“半,一半”,如:hemicycle n. 半圆(形)
quadruple
a. 四部分的,四倍的 *v. 成为四倍,增至四倍;(P1L3) 【记】构词:quadru-前缀,quadr-的变化形式,表示“四,有四个的”,如:quadrilingual a. 能用四种语言的
句式结构分析及佳句模仿
near tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled,
and 1979~1980, when they also almost tripled.
注释:1973 oil shock指“1973年的石油冲击”。英语中表示时间的名词可以直接修饰其他名词,指“在……时候发生的事”,如:the 2009 economic crisis就指“2009年的经济危机”,表达简洁地道。
翻译:油价近三倍的上涨令人回想起了1973年的石油冲击,当时的油价涨了四倍,也让人想起了1979年至1980年期间,当时的油价也几乎涨了三倍。
thening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could
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push the price higher still in the short term.
注释:strengthening现在分词作前置定语修饰 economic growth,表示主动,“增强的经济增长”。still可以修饰比较级,指“更加、还要”,可置于比较级前或后;其他可修饰比较级的副词还有:much,a lot,even,far等,它们要置于比较级前,如:This room is far bigger than the adjoining one.这间屋子比紧挨的那一间大得多。
翻译:强劲的经济增长势头,以及北半球冬季的到来,仍然可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。
OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full
year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only
0.25%~0.5% of GDP.
注释:that引导的宾语从句中又含有一个if引导的条件状语,宾语从句的主语是this,指的就是这个条件句(oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year);从句中使用虚拟语气if...averaged, this would
,表示推测。
翻译:在最近一期的《经济展望》中国际经合组织估计,如果全年的油价平均为每桶22美元,与1998年的13美元一桶相比,这也只会使富裕国家的石油进口支出增加GDP的0.25至0.5个百分点。
the other hand, oil importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have
become more energy intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.
注释:主语中心词economies前有两个现在分词结构充当修饰成分:oilimporting(进口石油的)及emerging(新兴的)。
翻译:另一方面,进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业,变得更加能源密集,因此可能遭受更严重的打击。
more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it
has not occurred against the background of general commodity price inflation and global excess
demand.
注释:that 引导的表语从句比较复杂,其中包括一个较长的介词结构against the 做状语,表语从句的主语it指的是前文提到的the rise in oil prices。lose sleep over意思是“因……而失眠”;occurred against the 意思是“发生在……的背景下”。
翻译:不用为油价上涨而失眠的另外一个原因是,与20世纪70年代不同,这次油价上升并不是发生在普遍物价上涨及全球需求过旺的背景之下。
more reason not to lose sleep over tomorrow’s job interview is that the lack of sleep may result
in poor performance. 不为明天的工作面试而失眠的另一个原因是,缺乏睡眠会导致不好的表现。(Para
5 句①)
are good reasons to expect that the culture integration has become an irreversible trend. 我们有充分的理由预期文化融合是一股不可逆转的趋势。(Para 3 句①)
Text 4词汇注释
dying a. 临终的,垂死的 例:It was her dying wish to have a simple burial. 她临终的愿望就是有一个简单的葬礼。(P1L2)
hasten v. 加快 例:Warm weather and showers hastened the growth of the plants. 温暖的天气和阵雨加速了植物的生长。(P4L3)
ineffectual a. 无效的 例:make ineffectual attempts to do sth 徒然尝试做某事 (P7L3)
permissible a. 可允许的 例:Delay is not permissible, even for a single day. 不得延误, 即使一日亦不可。 (P2L3)
relieve v. 缓解 例:This drug will relieve your discomfort. 这种药可减轻你的病痛 (P1L2)
shield v. 保护 例:The police officer shielded the child with her body. 那警察用她的身体保护了小孩。(P4L1)
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suicide
n.自杀 例:He attempted suicide after his firm had gone bankrupt. 他在公司破产后曾试图自杀。(P1L1)
code (P8L2)
n. *1. a set of moral principles or rules of behaviour that are generally accepted by society or a social
group道德准则,行为规范 2. a set of written rules or laws 法典,法规 例:criminal and civil code刑法及民法法规 3. 密码,暗号,代码,代号,电码
vt. 1.把……编号、编码 例:Each order is coded separately. 每份订单都单独编号。 2.把……编成密码
constitute
v.[不用于进行时态] up or form a whole; be the components of 组成, 构成(某整体);为……之成分 例:Female workers constitute the majority of the labor force. 女性雇员占劳动力的多数。*
be considered to be sth被视为,是 例:The defeat constitutes a major set-back for our diplomacy. 这次失败是我们外交上的重大挫折。(P9L3) 【记】构词:con(一起)+stitut(站立)+e;(一起站着)组成
contend
vi. to struggle in order to overcome a rival, competitor or difficulty(与对手)竞争;(与他人)争夺;(与困难)拼搏 例: a lot of problems to contend with 许多要解决的问题vt. *to argue or state that sth is
true声称,断言,主张 例:I would contend that unemployment is our most serious social evil. 我认为失业是我们社会最为严重的弊病。 (P4L1)
dosage
n. [一般用单数] (一次用药的)剂量,服用量 (P3L2)
【记】dose(药物的)剂量,一次服用量(-age用以构成名词的后缀,表示1.“动作或结果”,如:breakage
破损;2.“状态或状况”,如:bondage奴役;3.“数量”,如:mileage 英里数;4.“一套或一组”,如:baggage
行李;5.“费用”,如:postage 邮费;6.“地点,地方”,如:anchorage 泊地,抛锚地)
hold
vt. 1.拿着,抓住,抱住,托住 have a belief/opinion about sb/sth怀有,持有(信念、意见) 例:He holds strange views on education. 他对教育的看法不同寻常。 * consider that sth is true认为,相信 例:These vases are held to be the finest examples of Greek art. 这些花瓶被视为最精美的希腊艺术代表作。(P2L2)
implication
n. *1.[一般用复数](行为,事件,或决定等)可能的影响;可能的后果 例:This election has profound
implications for the future of U.S. democracy. 这次选举对美国民主的未来有深远的影响。2.意味;暗示;暗含 3. 牵涉,卷入(错误或罪行) 例:the implication of several major figures in the scandal几个主要人物在丑闻中的牵连 (P1L1)
【记】构词:im进入)+pli(弯、折)+cation(名词后缀);(折进去,以免露出来)暗示
initiative
n. 1.自主决断行事的能力;主动能力 例:on ones own initiative主动地,自发地 *2.(为解决某个问题的)计划,措施 例:a United Nations peace initiative 联合国的和平倡议 power to gain an
advantage by taking actions that will influence events(会影响事情发展的)主动权(用the ~) 例:seize/lose the initiative 掌握/丧失先机(P9L1)
【记】构词:initiat(e)(开启,创始)+ive(名词后缀);(具有创始性质的)主动、自发
legitimate
a. *1.(按照公认的行为准则)合理的,公正的 例:a perfectly legitimate question 一个完全合理的问题 2.法律认可的,许可的 例:Their business operations are perfectly legitimate. 他们的商业经营是完全合法的。 (P5L2) 【记】构词:leg(法律)+ate(形容词后缀);(最具法律性的)合法的
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maintain
vt. 1.保持;维持;维修;保养(机器、建筑物等)* strongly express your belief that sth is true断言(某事)属实,坚持说……(后接that从句) 例:Critics maintain that these reforms will lead to a decline
in educational standards. 批评家坚称这些改革会导致教育水平下降。 3.供养;赡养 例:maintain a
family 维持一家人的生活(P5L1) 【记】构词:main(手)+tain(保持);(用手保持)坚持
physician-assisted
这个词语的构词法是:名词+过去分词=复合形容词,它相当于assisted by physician由医生协助的(类似的词有:weather-beaten饱经风霜的, state-owned国有的)(P1L1)
prescribe
v. * a doctor to tell somebody to take a particular medicine or have a particular treatment; to write a
prescription for a particular medicine,etc. 给……开(药);让……采用(疗法);开(处方) 例:The
doctor prescribed a holiday as the best cure for his depression. 医生认为要治好他的抑郁症最好是去度假。 about a person or an organization with authority to say what should be done or how
something should be done 规定;命令;指示 例:The syllabus prescribes precisely which books should
be studied. 教学大纲明确规定了哪些是必读的书。 (P5L2)
【记】构词:pre(事先)+scribe(写);(医生事先写好药方)开药方
suspension
n.*1. the act of officially stopping sth from continuing for a period of time 暂停,中止 例:the
suspension of the trade agreement中止这一贸易协定 2.(尤指作为处分)暂时停职或停学;暂时(从球队等)除名 例:to return to football after a three match suspension在被罚停赛3场之后回到球队中 3.
the act of hanging sth from sth else 悬,挂,吊 例:suspension cables悬缆 (P9L5)
homicide n. 杀人(者)(词根cide意为“杀”,如:suicide自杀,patricide弑父)(P5L3)
hospice n. (晚期病人)护理所 (P8L1) morphine n. 吗啡 (P3L1)
句式结构分析及佳句模仿
gh it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physicianassisted suicide, the Court in effect
supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuriesold moral principle holding that an
action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is
permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
注释:这是一个含有一句话的段落,其中心结构是the Court supported the medical principle,although引导的分句与后面构成转折关系。
翻译:这个存在了几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施的目的是想达到好效果,这个行为就是可以被允许的。
Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors
who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to
control their pain if that might hasten death.”
注释:注意insist后面有接虚拟语气和非虚拟语气两种用法。前者意为“坚持要求、坚持认为”,例:I insisted
that you (should) take immediate action to put this right,后者意为“坚持说、固执声称”,例:She insisted
that she was innocent.这里应该取第二种意思。
另外在新闻报道体裁的文章中引用某专家的言论,多采用这种句式结构,即“人名+职位+动词(contend,
maintain,hold,believe等)+that引导的宾语从句”。本文在第四段和第五段就两次出现。
翻译:蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·道布勒认为,这项原则将保护一些医生,他们直到现在还坚持认为,在大量药物可能加速病人死亡的情况下,他们总不能给病人开足够的药来帮助他们止痛。
another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assistedsuicide debate
has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the
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physical agony of dying.
注释:on another level是全文的分界点,起着切换话题的作用。fueled in part by运用暗喻的修辞手法,形象地描述了后面的现象对这场争论起到推波助澜的作用。
翻译:另一方面,许多医学界人士承认,致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了他们临终时肉体的痛苦。
identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical
procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end
oflife care.
注释:该句子的主干是as...,主语it指代上文提到的report(报告),identify sth as sth指“确认、鉴定……为……”。
翻译:报告指出了临终护理中并存的两大问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆采用“无效而强制性的医疗手术”,这些手术可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让病人死得不体面。
profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of
aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospitalbased care,
and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
注释:该句将四个to引导的不定式结构并列,使句式显得整齐而有气势。
翻译:医疗行业正在采取措施,要求年轻医生到晚期病人休养所接受培训,对大胆的镇痛疗法知识进行检测,为医院护理制定一份医疗保障制度的条例,以及制定新的标准来评估和治疗病人临终的痛苦。
6.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and
predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.
注释:该句的主干是physicians seem unconcerned with the 。to the extent that引导的从句中,it指代主句部分提到的事实。needlessly and predictably意为“既没有必要又不可避免”。
翻译:“许多医生对病人遭受不必要的、可预见的痛苦无动于衷”,甚至构成“蓄意虐待病人”。
On another level, the debate about whether teenagers could be allowed to play online game has
been fueled in part by the claim that it may improve children’s intelligence. 另一方面,关于青年人是否应被允许玩网络游戏的争论之所以升温的部分原因是有人认为网络游戏能增强孩子智力。(Para 6句①)
词汇注释
autonomous
a. 自主的 例:That autonomous spirit has fueled a desire for independence. 那种自主的精神燃起了对独立的渴望。
【记】构词:auto(自己)+nom+ous(形容词后缀);(自己的)自主的 (L16)
credit
n. 表扬,称赞 例:I can’t take any credit ; the others did all the work. 我不能接受任何表扬, 所有的工作都是别人做的。(L17)
dignity
n. 尊严 例:Only a truly free person has human dignity . 只有真正自由的人才具有人的尊严。(L15)
explanatory a. 说明的,解释的 例: explanatory notes at the back of a book 书后的注释 (L6)
human nature 人性 (L5)
practice
n. 惯例,常规 例:It is accepted practice to pay a deposit with one’s order. 在预订时交付定金是一般的惯例。 (L5)
prescientific
a. 近代科学以前的 例:In the prescientific era, scholars such as in India and in China pondered the
relationship between mind and body. 在近代科学以前的时代中,诸如印度和中国的学者对灵魂与肉体
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的关系进行深思。 (L15)
states of mind 心态 (L4)
trait
n. 特点,特征 例:One of his less attractive traits is criticizing his wife in public. 他有个不大讨人喜欢的特点, 就是爱当众责备妻子. (L4)
accessible
a. (常后跟介词to) 1.易(可)到达的,易(可)进入的 例:The bay is only accessible by boats. 这个海湾只有小船才能进入。 2.易(可)得到的,易(可)使用的 3.(人)易(可)接近的(尤指对下级),随和的 *4.易(可)懂的,易(可)欣赏并理解的;access n.通路,入口;(进入某地方,使用某物或接近某人的)机会或权利(~to) vt. 到达,进入,使用(L13)
【记】构词:access(接近)+ible(形容词后缀);可得到的,易接近的
assign
vt. 1.分配,分派,指派(任务) 例:The teacher has assigned each of us a holiday task. 教师给我们每个人都分配了假日的工作。 2.(为特定目的)确定,指定(时间、地点等) 例:How much time have you
assigned for the meeting? 你给这个会定了多长时间? *3.归结为,归属于(某原因、日期等)(后跟介词to) 例:assigned the manuscript to 1832 把这份手稿归到1832年(L12) 【记】构词:as(加强)+sign(信号);(不断给人信号)指定,分配
draw
vt. 1.拖(动),拉(动)(某人、车、窗帘等) 例:draw the chair closer to the fire/the curtain 把椅子向火旁拉近了点/拉上窗帘 2.吸引,使感兴趣 例:The movie is drawing large audiences. 这部影片吸引着大批观众。 3.产生,引起,激起(反应或回应)(用~ sth from sth) 例:The announcement drew
loud applause from the audience. 公告博得观众的热烈掌声。 * have a particular idea after you
have studied sth or thought about it获得,得出,推断出(想法、意见、观点等) 例:What conclusions
did you draw from the report? 你从这个报告中得出什么结论?(L3)
end
n. [通常用复数] 目的,目标 例:She'll stop at nothing to achieve her own ends. 为达到个人目的,她不会为任何事所阻。to that end 为此,为了这一目标 (L19)
obscure
a. * easily or clearly seen or understood; indistinct; hidden 不易看清的; 费解的; 不分明的; 隐藏的 例:His real motive for the crime remains obscure . 他犯罪的真正动机仍不清楚。 well
known 无名的;鲜为人知的 例:an obscure German poet 一位名不见经传的德国诗人 (L8)
trace
v. find or discover somebody/something by looking carefully for them/it 查出;找到;发现;追踪
例:We finally traced him to an address in Chicago. 我们终于追查到他在芝加哥的一个地址。*
find the origin or cause of something 追溯;追究 例:The cause of the fire was traced to a faulty
fusebox. 起火的原因已查出是因保险丝盒中有短路。 describe a process or the development of
something 描绘(事物的过程或发展);追述;记述 例:Her book traces the town’s history from Saxon
times to the present day. 她的书描述的是这个市镇从撒克逊时代到现在的历史。 (L4)
entrenched
a. 确立的,不太可能改变的;trench n. 壕沟,沟渠,堑壕,战壕(L15)
【记】构词:en(在……里面)+trench(壕沟)+ed(形容词后缀);(在壕沟里不出来)不太可能改变的
2024年2月28日发(作者:矫婉容)
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2002年真题答案
diffusion n. 扩散;传播,普及,散布 (P1L1)
display n. (计算机屏幕上的)显示,显像 (P2L4)
dominant a. more important, powerful or noticeable than other things 首要的;占支配地位的;显著的 例:The firm has achieved a dominant position in the world market. 这家公司在国际市场上占有举足轻重的地位。 (P1L3)
generalization n. 概括,归纳,泛论 例:You are making too many generalizations about an issue
that you don't really understand.你对一个你并不真正了解的问题做了太多的归纳。 (P3L4)
impact
n. * powerful effect that something has on somebody/something 巨大影响;强大作用 [+ (of sth)
(on sb/sth)] 2. 撞击;冲撞;冲击力
v. (对某事物)有影响,有作用 [+ (on/upon) sth] 例:Her father’s death impacted greatly on her
childhood years. 父亲去世对她的童年造成巨大影响。 2.冲击;撞击 (P2L2)
integrated circuit 集成电路 (P2L2)
in the wake of 随……之后而来,跟随在……之后 例:Outbreaks of disease occurred in the wake of
the drought. 那场旱灾过后,疾病肆虐。 (P1L4)
motion picture (=movie) 电影 (P1L6) periodical n. 期刊,杂志 (P1L4)
through prep. 经过,贯穿(各阶段);自始至终 例:The children are too young to sit through a
concert. 这些孩子太小,音乐会没完就坐不住了。 (P1L6)
weigh
v. * consider something carefully before making a decision 认真考虑;权衡;斟酌 [+ sth (up), +
(up) sth (against sth)] 例:You must weigh up the pros and cons. 你必须权衡利弊。 have an
influence on somebody’s opinion or the result of something (对看法或结果)有影响;有分量[+(with
sb) (against sb/sth)] 例:His past record weighs heavily against him. 他过去的记录对他很不利。
(P3L4)
perspective
n. 1.态度;观点;思考方法 [+ (on sth)] 例:a wider perspective on the problem看待这个问题的更广阔的视角 * ability to think about problems and decisions in a reasonable way without
exaggerating their importance客观判断力,权衡轻重的能力 (8题)
pick up
*1.改善;好转;增强 2.重新开始;继续 例:Let’s pick up where we left off yesterday.咱们从昨天停下的地方继续吧。 3.拿起,举起,提起,拾起 4.接收(信号、声音、图像等);(偶然)得到,听到,学会;(碰巧或廉价地)买到 例:We were able to pick up the BBC World Service. 我们能收到英国广播公司国际广播节目。5.辨认,识别出;跟踪,追寻;察觉,发现 例:Scientists can now pick up early signs
of the disease. 现在科学家能够辨认这种疾病的早期症状。to pick up the scent/trail of an animal 追寻动物的臭迹/踪迹 I picked up the faint sound of a car in the distance. 我听到远处传来微弱的汽车声。
(5题)
range
n. 1.一系列 [+ (of sth)] * limits between which something varies(变动或浮动的)范围,界限,幅度 v. 1.(在一定的范围内)变化,变动 [+ from A to B, + between A and B] 例:to range in
size/length/price from A to B 尺寸/长度/价格在 A 到 B间变动 2.包括(从……到……)之间的各类事物 [+ (from A to B)] 例:She has had a number of different jobs, ranging from chef to swimming
instructor. 她做过许多不同的工作,从厨师到游泳教练。 (17题)
regard
v. 1.把……视为;看待 [+ sb/sth (with sth), +sb/sth as sth] 2.注意,重视 例:You must regard the
safety regulations.你必须重视安全规则。 3.(尤指以某种方式)注视,凝视 例:He regarded us
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suspiciously. 他以怀疑的眼光看着我们。 n. ion to or thought and care for sb/sth 注意;关注;关心 [+ to/for sb/sth] 例:to do something with little/no regard for sb/sth 做事几乎不/根本不顾及某人/某事物 2.尊重;敬佩 [+ (for sb/sth)] 例:I had great regard for his abilities. 我非常敬佩他的能力。 (15题)
term
n. 词语;术语;措辞 例:technical/legal-terms 技术/法律术语
v. 把……称为;把……叫做 例:At his age, he can hardly be termed a young man. 到了这个年纪,他称不上是年轻人了。 (15题)
work up
*1.逐步建立,逐步发展(到),逐步达到 [+(to sth)] 2.使激动;使发怒 [+(into something)] 例:Don’t work yourself up into a state about it.别为此大动肝火。I can’t get worked up about cars. 我对汽车提不起兴趣。 3.使完整;修整 [+into something] 例:I’m working my notes up into a dissertation.
我正在把我的笔记整理成一篇论文。 (5题)
Text 1词汇注释
alternatively
ad. 二选一地 例:We could take the train or alternatively go by car. 我们可以坐火车去,也可以坐汽车去。
【记】构词:alter(其它)+ative(形容词后缀)+ly(副词后缀);(其它的选择)二选一地 (P1L5)
be relevant to
与……有关 例:This type of university course is no longer relevant to today’s problems. 这类大学课程对当今的问题而言已没有实际价值。(P1L2)
comment
v. 评论, 发表意见 例: Asked about the date of the election, the Prime Minister commented that no
decision had yet been made. 首相对询问选举日期一事称尚未作出决定. (P1L6)
in sympathy with (P1L3)
支持某人/某事 例:I’m sure she will be in sympathy with your proposal. 我确信她一定赞成你的建议。
notorious
a. 声名狼藉的;臭名昭著的 例:The country is notorious for its appalling prison conditions. 这个国家因监狱状况恶劣而臭名远扬。(P3L3)
shared
a. 共同的,共享的 例:Shared ambition is the vital nexus between them. 共同的志向是把他们联结在一起的重要纽带。(P1L1)
accommodation
n. *1. room(s) for sb to stay, live, or work in; lodging房间(尤指作居住用);住所,住处;工作场所 2. [用复数](酒店、火车、船等提供的)住宿膳食服务; 膳宿 3. process of adapting; adjustment适应; 调节(用~ of sth to sth) 例:arrange the accommodation of my plans to yours 调整我的计划以便和你的相适应 4.[用单数] 调解,和解(使意见不同的人都能满意) 例:came to an accommodation.达成和解(P2L3)
【记】构词:ac(=to)+com(一起)+mod(方式)+ation(名词后缀);(一起生活的方式)住所
address
speak directly to sb向……讲话;对……发表演说 例:He addressed the audience in an eloquent
speech. 他向听众发表了雄辩的演说。(P1L4)
convention
n. 1. behavior and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal and right 惯例,常规,习俗 2. (尤指国家间的) 公约;协定 例:the Geneva Convention日内瓦协定 *3.(同一行业或同一组
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织的人参加的)大会,会议 (P2L1)
【记】构词:con(一起)+ven(来到)+tion(名词后缀);(一起来到)大会,会议
deliver
vt. *to give (a lecture, sermon, speech,etc.) 授(课),讲(道),讲(话) 例:She delivered a talk on
philosophy. 她作了一次有关哲学的讲话。(P4L2)
disorganized
a. badly planned; not able to plan or organize well 计划不周的;缺乏组织的;杂乱无章的 例:She’s so
disorganized and she never gets anything done. 她太缺乏条理了,什么事也做不成。 (P1L5)
off-the-cuff
a./ad. [一般用于名词前] (讲话、回答等)未经准备的,当场的,即席的 例:an off-the-cuff toast 即兴的祝酒词/ He answered the question off-the-cuff. 他即席地回答问题。(cuff袖口;本词的构词法是:介词+the+名词=复合形容词,类似的词还有: off-the-shelf 现成的, 成品的;round-the-clock 日夜不停的,持续一整天的)(P4L2)
【记】构词:off(距,离)+the+cuff(袖口);(就在袖口边,随时准备)当场的,即席的
passing
a. [仅用于名词前] past经过的,通过的 例:the passing cars来往的汽车。 *, or
disappearing after only a short time短暂的,一时的 例:He didnt even give the matter a passing
thought.他对那件事甚至连想都没想一下。(P3L2)【记】构词:pass(通过)+ing(形容词后缀);(通过的)暂时的,短暂的
understatement
n. 1. a statement that is not strong enough to express how good, bad, impressive,etc. sth really is不充分的陈述,轻描淡写的陈述 例:To say the movie was bad is an understatement. 说这电影不好是一种低调的陈述。 2.一种修辞手法,故意的轻描淡写(under前缀,表示“未达,未满,不足”,如:undertreatment
n.处理不足或不力,underripe a. 不成熟的)(P5L2)
【记】构词:under(否定)+state(陈述)+ment(名词后缀);(陈述不充分)轻描淡写的陈述
be on dangerous/safe ground
to be expressing ideas that are likely or unlikely to offend or embarrass sb 处于危险/安全境(指提出的看法可能或不可能冒犯某人或使其难堪)(P3L5)
cut in
插嘴,打断 例:It is impolite for children to cut in when their seniors are talking. 孩子们在他们的长辈谈话时插嘴是不礼貌的。(P3L4)
play on/upon words
to make a joke, as with two words of different meanings that sound alike 说双关语,说俏皮话 (P5L2)
turn about
1.(cause to)face in the opposite direction(使)向后转 * change ones opinion or argument改变看法或论点 例:The boss seemed to have completely turned about. 老板好像已经完全改变了主意。 deeply over sth反复思考 (P5L3)
disparaging a. 蔑视的,轻视的,毁谤的 (P3L4)
scapegoat n. 替罪羊(与“羊”有关的词语还有black sheep害群之马,a lost sheep 迷路的羊, 误入歧途的人)(P3L5)
stomp n./v. 跺脚,践踏,重踏 (P2L5)
句式结构分析及佳句模仿
humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them
or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.
注释:主句中两个并列的谓语部分都含有情态动词(must be ,should help ),
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表示提出建议。第二个谓语中使用show sb sth双宾语结构,表示“向某人展示某物”,句中show的间接宾语them指代audience,直接宾语是两个that引导的并列的宾语从句。
翻译:你的幽默必须与听众有关,应该有助于向他们表明你是他们中的一员,或者你了解他们的处境并赞同他们的观点。
you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their
secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their
disorganized bosses.
注释:两个if条件从句的并列、talking to和addressing、refer to和comment on的同义替换以及disorganized的重复,使该句子变化中有重复,动中有静。
翻译:如果你在和经理们交谈,你就可以评论他们的秘书的工作缺乏条理;或者,如果你在同秘书们交谈,你就可以评论他们毫无章法的老板。
is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the
audience all shared the same view of doctors.
注释:here可在给某人东西或指出某物时说,如:Here’s the money I promised you.这是我答应给你的钱。work意思是“起作用,有效”。例:How long does a sleeping pill take to work? 安眠药要多长时间才起作用?
翻译:举个例子,它是我在一次护士代表大会上听到的。这个故事效果很好,因为在场的听众对医生都持相同的看法。
you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the
experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a
passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties.
注释:该句子有多重结构。第一重是句首if引导的条件从句和主句构成主从复合句。if从句充当主句的条件状语,主句由两个并列的分句构成:you and itll 。第二重是,if从句中的group后接有一个限定性定语从句做定语,可译为“你谈话对象的群体”。主句中后一分句的结构是itll
be appropriate for sb to 。be in a position to do sth意思是“由于客观或主观条件可能做某事”,如:He is in a position to marry.他有条件结婚。passing 意思是“粗略的,随便的,仓促的”,如:a passing
mention 顺便提及。
翻译:如果你是谈话对象集体中的一员,就可以设身处地了解你们所有人共有的经历和问题,你可以对食堂极难吃的食物或者领导在选择领带方面差劲的品味评头论足。
other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider
making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.
注释:句中as 引导的是原因状语从句,will在这里是情态动词,表示某种推测。cut in with sth意思是“以……插入”。
翻译:而对于其他听众,你千万不要试图插入这类幽默,因为他们会反感一个局外人对他们的食堂或领导发表蔑视性的评论。
ing on whom teachers are instructing, the methods will be different. 根据老师指导对象的不同,方法也有所不同。(Para 1 句③)
for the inspiration. It often comes from the unexpected. 寻找灵感,灵感常常来自意料之外。(Para 5 句①②)
Text 2词汇注释
artificial intelligence 人工智能 (P4L1)
disregard v.不理会,漠视 例:You can’t just disregard the security problem! 你可不能忽视安全问题! (P5L5)
glimpse v. 一瞥,一看 例:glimpse someone between the half-drawn curtains 从半掩的窗帘夹缝中瞥见某人. (P5L4)
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ingenuity n. 创造力 例:Drug smugglers constantly use their ingenuity to find new ways of getting
drugs into a country. 毒品走私贩常常用他们的创造力来发现将毒品运到一个国家的新方法。(P1L1)
【记】构词:in(里面)+genu(制造)+ity(名词后缀);(里面有制造的能力)创造力
instantaneously
ad.即刻地,突如其来地例:The experiment shows that human eye can instantaneously detect spooky
action. 实验证明了人类的眼睛能够立刻察觉幽灵一般的动作。(P5L5)【记】拆词:instant(立刻)+aneous(形容词后缀);(立刻的)瞬间的(P5L5)
rhythm n. 节奏,韵律 例:the rhythm of her heart/ pulse beating 她的心跳/脉搏的节律 (P2L3)
assembly
n.1.议会,立法机构 例:the New York State Assembly 纽约州议会 together of a group of
people for a specific purpose; a group of people who do this集合;集会;集会者 例:the right of
assembly/freedom of assembly 集会的权利/自由 * or process of fitting together the parts of sth装配;安装;组装 (P2L3)
burdensome
a. hard to bear; troublesome难以承担的; 令人困扰的(burden n./v. 担子,负担;—some后缀,1.构成形容词,表示“引起或易于……的”,如:fearsome 可怕的,quarrelsome 爱争吵的;2.构成名词,表示“……个(人)一组”,如:a foursome 四人组合)(P1L2)
【记】构词:burden(负担)+some(充满……的);负担的,恼人的
compulsion
1.强迫,强制 例:You are under no compulsion to pay immediately. 没有人强迫你立刻付款。*2.难以抗拒的冲动,禁不住要做的事 例:Drinking is a compulsion with her. 她忍不住要喝酒。compulsory a.
强制的,强迫的;义务的(词根puls意为to drive“驱动,推”,如:impulse n. 推进,冲动,刺激)(P1L2)
【记】构词:com(共同)+puls(推)+ion(名词后缀);(共同推进)禁不住要做的事
confer
vi. 商谈,商议,讨论(后跟介词on/about) 例:The congresswoman is conferring with her advisors
on the matter. 这位女国会议员正就此事与其顾问商议。
vt. *授予(称号、头衔、学位、荣誉权力等)(用~ sth on/upon sb) 例:An honorary degree was conferred
on him by the University. 大学授予他一个荣誉学位。(P1L3)
【记】构词:con(共同)+fer(带,拿);(都拿来)授予
cunning
a. 1.(指人或其行为、动作)狡猾的,狡诈的(以达到某种目的) 例:Hes a cunning old fox. 他是诡计多端的老狐狸。 *2.(物体或设备)巧妙的,不同寻常的 (P1L1)
n. 狡猾,狡诈 例:He resorted to low cunning to get what he wanted. 他用卑鄙的欺诈手段得到想要的东西。
dawn
n. 1.[U,C] 黎明;拂晓;破晓 *2.[用单数] the beginning or first signs of sth开端;曙光;萌芽(后跟介词of) 例: the dawn of civilization/history文明/历史的开端
vi. 1.(of a day or a period of time) to begin(一天或一个期限)开始 例:A new technological age had
dawned.新技术时代已经开始。 2.变得明朗;开始清楚 例: Slowly the awful truth dawned. 可怕的事实慢慢地清晰起来。sth dawns on sb使开始明白,使渐渐领悟(P1L1)
fraction
n. *1.a very small amount of sth少量,一点儿 例:Gwen carefully opened the door of a fraction. 格温小心地把门打开了一点。 2.(数学上的)分数;小数 (P5L3)
mixed
a. *1.(品质、情感等)有好有坏的,混杂的 例:The play was given a mixed reception by the critics
(=some liked it, some did not). 批评家们对这出戏的评价毁誉参半。 2.[仅用于名词前] consisting of
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different types of the same thing(几种东西)混合的,掺杂在一起的 例:a mixed salad 什锦色拉
(P4L1)
nasty
a. * bad or unpleasant极差的,令人厌恶的 例:nasty weather 恶劣的天气 ely unkind极不友善的,恶毒的,令人不愉快的 例:Dont be so nasty to your mum. 别对你妈妈这么凶。
or very painful严重的 例:a nasty cut on the head 头部严重的伤口 ive, in bad taste无礼的,污秽的,下流的 例:nasty joke 下流的笑话(P1L2)
robotics
n. 机器人学,关于建造和使用机器人的技术(P1L2)
【记】构词:robot(机器人)+ics(学科);机器人技术;含-ics后缀的如:physics 物理学
spell
n. *1. a period of time一段时间 例: a spell of warm weather一段天气温暖的日子 spell as a singer当歌手的一段时间 2. 咒语;符咒;魔法 例: a book of spells 咒语集 3.[用单数]魅力,魔力 例: I
completely fell under her spell. 我完全给她迷住了。 (P4L1)
terminal
n. 1.(飞机、公共汽车、轮船或货物运输的)集散站;终点站 *2.(计算机的)终端;终端设备
a. 1.(致命疾病的)晚期的,末期的;(人)病危的,临终的 state of becoming worse and worse
and never getting better越来越糟的;一蹶不振的 例:Britains industrial base seems in a terminal
decline.英国的工业基础仿佛日薄西山。 (P2L3) 【记】构词:term边界+al(形容词后缀);终端
microprocessor n. 微处理器 (P4L2) miniaturization n. 小型化 (P2L5)
submillimeter n. 小于毫米的(P2L6)
【记】构词:sub(表示“小于,低于,在……之下,副,亚,次”)+mill(千分之一)+meter(米)
transistor n. 晶体管 (P4L2) gizmo n. 小玩意儿,小装置 (P2L1)
句式结构分析及佳句模仿
if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to
come close.
注释:该句子是含if条件从句的主从复合句。注意其中词汇的用法。从句中have yet to表否定,意为“尚未,还不得不”;the mechanical version of science fiction是“机械版的科幻小说”,也就是指科幻小说中的梦想在机器人上的实现;主句中的come close是“走近”,而come to a close是“结束,完成”。
翻译:如果说科学家还没有创造出机械版的科幻小说,那么他们已经开始接近目标了。
a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we
barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
注释:intelligent gizmo指“智能机器人”,修饰它的两个定语从句中whose接的词都是抽象名词(presence,existence)。
翻译:由此引起的结果是,现代世界充斥着越来越多的智能仪器,虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们,但他们的普遍存在却减少了大量人类劳力。
thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics, there are already
robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter
accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
注释:该句的主干是there are robot systems,破折号后面的部分用来补充说明submillimeter accuracy。句首介词短语thanks to(由于,多亏……)引导原因状语。
翻译:由于电子学及微机械制造学的不断微型化发展,现在已出现了机器人系统能够进行精确到亚毫米的脑部和骨髓手术,其精确性远远超过技术相当娴熟的医生仅凭双手所达到的水平。
if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less
human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a
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real challenge.
注释:该句子是含if条件从句的主从复合句,句首but表示对上一段内容的转折。破折号后是一个补充说明成分,修饰整个主句,其中goals指的是前面主句的两个并列谓语动作。if从句中be to do结构表示一种愿望,可译为“要想……”,例:If you are to succeed, you must be patient and persistent.要想成功,就必须有耐心,有毅力,这种结构还可以表示安排(They are to marry next week)、命令(You are
to be back by 10 oclock)、禁止(Children are not to smoke)等。
翻译:但是要想让机器人进入节省劳力的下一个阶段,它们必须能够在更少的人类监控下运行,并且至少能够独立地作一些决定。这些是真正具有挑战性的目标。
e a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits
and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010,
researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
注释:该句子的特点是状语修饰成分较长。从despite开始一直到2010都是句子的让步状语,意为“尽管……”。a spell of意思是“一段时间”,It appeared that意思是“似乎,好像”,如:It appears that you have
known the news. 你好像已经知道这个消息了。
翻译:虽然在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段最初的乐观时期——那时侯仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展使人们相信它们在2010年能够复制人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员己经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至数百年。
they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred
billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than
previously imagined.
注释:该句中的特点是插入语的使用。句子主干是What they found ,主语和be动词间的插入成分是“介词in+现在分词结构”做状语。be动词后是that引导的表语从句,该从句其实是两个句子的糅合,即nerve cells are much more talented than (they are)previously imagined和human perception
is far more complicated than (it is) previously imagined,句子通过破折号的方式把两个句子共同的部分省略掉了。
翻译:在试图建造人类思维模型的过程中,研究人员发现,人类大脑中近一千亿个神经细胞远比以前想象的更聪明,人类的感知也更复杂。
the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98
percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road
or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
注释:该句子关键要把握其结构上对几个动词的处理:the human mind ,
,前两个动词由and连接,做主句的谓语,第三个动词focus on变为分词结构做结果状语。
翻译:但是人脑瞥一眼快速变化的场景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即聚焦于婉蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一张可疑面孔上。
a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by plastic products whose presence we
seldom notice but whose universal existence has facilitated much human lives. 由此引起的结果是,现代世界充斥着越来越多的塑料制品,虽然我们很少注意他们,但他们的普遍存在却极大地方便了人们的生活。(Para 2 句①)
Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller
terminals that us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are
controlled by tireless robotdrivers.(Para 2句②③④)
我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人组装臂的节奏声;我们的银行业务在自动柜员机终端完成,它们用机器礼貌语言感谢我们办理业务;我们的地铁由不知疲倦的机器人司机驾驶。[三句话采用排比手法,通过罗列的方式反映出我们现在的生活里到处都有机器人的影子。拟人手法的使用赋予了机器人很多人的特质,
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生动地表现出他们和人的相似性,例:robot arms,automated teller terminals thank us with politeness,tireless robot drivers。]
Text 3词汇注释
barrel n. 桶 (P1L2) economic decline 经济衰退 (P1L1) excess demand 过量需求 (P5L2)
export v./n. 出口 例:a ban on the export of gold 禁止黄金出口 (P2L1)
import
v./n. 进口 例:The country has to import most of its raw materials. 这个国家原料大部分靠进口。
(P4L6)
inflation
n. 通货膨胀 例:The new government’s prime task is to reduce the level of inflation. 新政府的主要任务是减低通货膨胀的水平。 (P5L2)
jump
v. * 1.暴涨,猛增 例:Prices jumped by 60% last year. 物价去年暴涨60% make a sudden
movement because of surprise, fear or excitement (因吃惊、害怕或激动而)猛地一动,突然一跳 例:Her heart jumped when she heard the news. 听到那消息她的心猛地一跳。 change suddenly from
one subject to another 突然改变,突然转换(话题、题目) 例:I couldn’t follow the talk because he kept
jumping about from one topic to another. 我听不明白他的讲话,他老是从一个话题突然转向另一个话题。 leave out something and pass to a further point or stage 略去;略过;跳过 例:You seem to
have jumped several steps in the argument. 你在论证中似乎略去了好几个步骤。 (P1L2)
scary
a.可怕的,恐怖的 例:a scary movie/story 一部恐怖的电影/一本恐怖的书 (P1L3)
tripling n.三倍 例:Norway sees tripling of triplet births since 1960s. 现在挪威的三胞胎是二十世纪六十年代的三倍。 (P1L3)
conservation
n. 保护,保存;节约(自然资源) 例:Conservation of water is of great importance in desert areas. 沙漠地区实行控制用水非常重要。 conserve v. 保存,保藏(P4L2)
【记】构词:con(一起)+serv(保持)+ation(名词后缀);保护,保存
crude
a. ive or rude; vulgar粗鲁的,粗野的;粗俗的(尤指牵涉到性) 例:He made some crude jokes.
他说了一些粗俗的笑话。2.粗制的,粗陋的 例:a crude sketch 粗略的草图 * the natural state;
unrefined天然的,未提炼的 例:crude rubber 天然橡胶(P1L2)
energyintensive
a. 能源密集型的(类似的词还有laborintensive 劳动密集型的,intellectintensive 智力密集型的;intensive a. 加强的,密集的,精深的,透彻的) (P4L2)
【记】组合词:energy(能源)+intensive(密集的);能源密集型的
gloom
n. *1. 忧郁,愁闷,无望 例:The gloom deepened as the election results came in. 选举结果陆续传来,失败的情绪越来越重。 2.幽暗,黑暗,昏暗 例:come back in the gathering gloom在朦胧暮色中回来;gloomy a. 阴暗的,令人沮丧的,阴郁的 (P1L5)
muted
a. 1.(声音)弱化的,微弱不清的;(颜色)不耀眼的, 柔和的 例:They spoke in muted voices. 他们轻声说话。muted greens and blues 各种柔和的绿色和蓝色 * openly or vigorously expressed非公开或非强烈表达的,暗中的 例:muted criticism 温和的批评 (P3L4)
pump
n. *1.泵,唧筒,抽水机,打气筒;文中是用加油的“泵”指代“汽油” act of pumping抽吸,泵送,
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抽运
vt.(用泵)抽出或注入(液体、气体等) 例:pump water out of the cellars用泵抽地下室里的水
vi. 1.(又作pump away)快速地上下移动,迅速地进进出出 My heart was pumping fast. 我的心脏跳得很快。 2.(of a liquid) to comes out in sudden small amounts(液体)间歇地喷出 例:The blood was
pumping from the wound in his thigh.血从他大腿的伤口处喷出。(P3L4)
sizable
a. 相当大的 例:a sizable expansion of oil industry 石油工业的可观发展 (P5L2)
squeeze
vt. press sth firmly inwards压,挤,捏,榨 manage to do sth although you are very busy为(做某事)设法挤出时间 例:How do you manage to squeeze so much into one day? 你一天里怎么能有时间做那么多事情? * strictly limit the amount of money that is available to a company or
organization紧缩(某公司或机构)的资金;使……经济拮据 例:The failure of the levy has squeezed
the school districts budget.税款征收不利使学区预算拨款变得拮据起来。
vt.&vi. (使)挤进;塞入(后常跟介词或副词) 例:Five of us squeezed into the back seat of the car.我们中有5个人挤进了汽车的后座。
n. 1. 紧捏,紧握,挤压2.[用单数] 拥挤,密集 (P4L9)
【记】谐音:“似鬼子”,这些人好像压榨老百姓。从“挤、榨”引申为“紧缩……的资金”
suspend
v. hang something from something else 悬;挂;吊 例:A lamp was suspended from the ceiling.
一盏吊灯悬在天花板上。* officially stop something for a time; to prevent something from being
active, used,etc. for a time 暂停;中止;使暂停发挥作用(或使用等) 例:Production has been
suspended while safety checks are carried out. 在进行安全检查期间生产暂停。 officially delay
something; to arrange for something to happen later than planned 延缓;暂缓;推迟 例:The
introduction of the new system has been suspended until next year. 新制度推迟到明年再行实施。
(P2L1)
【记】sus(在下面)+pend(悬挂);当店主出去时,小店的门把手上通常会挂上一个“暂停营业”的牌子
call sb/sth up
1.打电话给(某人) *2.使回忆起,使想起 例:The smell of the sea called up memories of her
childhood. 大海的气息勾起了她对童年的回忆。 use sth that is stored or kept available调用储存,调出备用 例:She called up her last reserves of strength.她使尽了最后一点力气。(P1L3)
hemisphere
n. *1.地球的半球(尤指赤道以北或以南的北半球或南半球)2.半球,半球体(P2L2)
【记】构词:sphere n. 球,球体;hemi前缀,意为half“半,一半”,如:hemicycle n. 半圆(形)
quadruple
a. 四部分的,四倍的 *v. 成为四倍,增至四倍;(P1L3) 【记】构词:quadru-前缀,quadr-的变化形式,表示“四,有四个的”,如:quadrilingual a. 能用四种语言的
句式结构分析及佳句模仿
near tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled,
and 1979~1980, when they also almost tripled.
注释:1973 oil shock指“1973年的石油冲击”。英语中表示时间的名词可以直接修饰其他名词,指“在……时候发生的事”,如:the 2009 economic crisis就指“2009年的经济危机”,表达简洁地道。
翻译:油价近三倍的上涨令人回想起了1973年的石油冲击,当时的油价涨了四倍,也让人想起了1979年至1980年期间,当时的油价也几乎涨了三倍。
thening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could
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push the price higher still in the short term.
注释:strengthening现在分词作前置定语修饰 economic growth,表示主动,“增强的经济增长”。still可以修饰比较级,指“更加、还要”,可置于比较级前或后;其他可修饰比较级的副词还有:much,a lot,even,far等,它们要置于比较级前,如:This room is far bigger than the adjoining one.这间屋子比紧挨的那一间大得多。
翻译:强劲的经济增长势头,以及北半球冬季的到来,仍然可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。
OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full
year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only
0.25%~0.5% of GDP.
注释:that引导的宾语从句中又含有一个if引导的条件状语,宾语从句的主语是this,指的就是这个条件句(oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year);从句中使用虚拟语气if...averaged, this would
,表示推测。
翻译:在最近一期的《经济展望》中国际经合组织估计,如果全年的油价平均为每桶22美元,与1998年的13美元一桶相比,这也只会使富裕国家的石油进口支出增加GDP的0.25至0.5个百分点。
the other hand, oil importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have
become more energy intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.
注释:主语中心词economies前有两个现在分词结构充当修饰成分:oilimporting(进口石油的)及emerging(新兴的)。
翻译:另一方面,进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业,变得更加能源密集,因此可能遭受更严重的打击。
more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it
has not occurred against the background of general commodity price inflation and global excess
demand.
注释:that 引导的表语从句比较复杂,其中包括一个较长的介词结构against the 做状语,表语从句的主语it指的是前文提到的the rise in oil prices。lose sleep over意思是“因……而失眠”;occurred against the 意思是“发生在……的背景下”。
翻译:不用为油价上涨而失眠的另外一个原因是,与20世纪70年代不同,这次油价上升并不是发生在普遍物价上涨及全球需求过旺的背景之下。
more reason not to lose sleep over tomorrow’s job interview is that the lack of sleep may result
in poor performance. 不为明天的工作面试而失眠的另一个原因是,缺乏睡眠会导致不好的表现。(Para
5 句①)
are good reasons to expect that the culture integration has become an irreversible trend. 我们有充分的理由预期文化融合是一股不可逆转的趋势。(Para 3 句①)
Text 4词汇注释
dying a. 临终的,垂死的 例:It was her dying wish to have a simple burial. 她临终的愿望就是有一个简单的葬礼。(P1L2)
hasten v. 加快 例:Warm weather and showers hastened the growth of the plants. 温暖的天气和阵雨加速了植物的生长。(P4L3)
ineffectual a. 无效的 例:make ineffectual attempts to do sth 徒然尝试做某事 (P7L3)
permissible a. 可允许的 例:Delay is not permissible, even for a single day. 不得延误, 即使一日亦不可。 (P2L3)
relieve v. 缓解 例:This drug will relieve your discomfort. 这种药可减轻你的病痛 (P1L2)
shield v. 保护 例:The police officer shielded the child with her body. 那警察用她的身体保护了小孩。(P4L1)
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suicide
n.自杀 例:He attempted suicide after his firm had gone bankrupt. 他在公司破产后曾试图自杀。(P1L1)
code (P8L2)
n. *1. a set of moral principles or rules of behaviour that are generally accepted by society or a social
group道德准则,行为规范 2. a set of written rules or laws 法典,法规 例:criminal and civil code刑法及民法法规 3. 密码,暗号,代码,代号,电码
vt. 1.把……编号、编码 例:Each order is coded separately. 每份订单都单独编号。 2.把……编成密码
constitute
v.[不用于进行时态] up or form a whole; be the components of 组成, 构成(某整体);为……之成分 例:Female workers constitute the majority of the labor force. 女性雇员占劳动力的多数。*
be considered to be sth被视为,是 例:The defeat constitutes a major set-back for our diplomacy. 这次失败是我们外交上的重大挫折。(P9L3) 【记】构词:con(一起)+stitut(站立)+e;(一起站着)组成
contend
vi. to struggle in order to overcome a rival, competitor or difficulty(与对手)竞争;(与他人)争夺;(与困难)拼搏 例: a lot of problems to contend with 许多要解决的问题vt. *to argue or state that sth is
true声称,断言,主张 例:I would contend that unemployment is our most serious social evil. 我认为失业是我们社会最为严重的弊病。 (P4L1)
dosage
n. [一般用单数] (一次用药的)剂量,服用量 (P3L2)
【记】dose(药物的)剂量,一次服用量(-age用以构成名词的后缀,表示1.“动作或结果”,如:breakage
破损;2.“状态或状况”,如:bondage奴役;3.“数量”,如:mileage 英里数;4.“一套或一组”,如:baggage
行李;5.“费用”,如:postage 邮费;6.“地点,地方”,如:anchorage 泊地,抛锚地)
hold
vt. 1.拿着,抓住,抱住,托住 have a belief/opinion about sb/sth怀有,持有(信念、意见) 例:He holds strange views on education. 他对教育的看法不同寻常。 * consider that sth is true认为,相信 例:These vases are held to be the finest examples of Greek art. 这些花瓶被视为最精美的希腊艺术代表作。(P2L2)
implication
n. *1.[一般用复数](行为,事件,或决定等)可能的影响;可能的后果 例:This election has profound
implications for the future of U.S. democracy. 这次选举对美国民主的未来有深远的影响。2.意味;暗示;暗含 3. 牵涉,卷入(错误或罪行) 例:the implication of several major figures in the scandal几个主要人物在丑闻中的牵连 (P1L1)
【记】构词:im进入)+pli(弯、折)+cation(名词后缀);(折进去,以免露出来)暗示
initiative
n. 1.自主决断行事的能力;主动能力 例:on ones own initiative主动地,自发地 *2.(为解决某个问题的)计划,措施 例:a United Nations peace initiative 联合国的和平倡议 power to gain an
advantage by taking actions that will influence events(会影响事情发展的)主动权(用the ~) 例:seize/lose the initiative 掌握/丧失先机(P9L1)
【记】构词:initiat(e)(开启,创始)+ive(名词后缀);(具有创始性质的)主动、自发
legitimate
a. *1.(按照公认的行为准则)合理的,公正的 例:a perfectly legitimate question 一个完全合理的问题 2.法律认可的,许可的 例:Their business operations are perfectly legitimate. 他们的商业经营是完全合法的。 (P5L2) 【记】构词:leg(法律)+ate(形容词后缀);(最具法律性的)合法的
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maintain
vt. 1.保持;维持;维修;保养(机器、建筑物等)* strongly express your belief that sth is true断言(某事)属实,坚持说……(后接that从句) 例:Critics maintain that these reforms will lead to a decline
in educational standards. 批评家坚称这些改革会导致教育水平下降。 3.供养;赡养 例:maintain a
family 维持一家人的生活(P5L1) 【记】构词:main(手)+tain(保持);(用手保持)坚持
physician-assisted
这个词语的构词法是:名词+过去分词=复合形容词,它相当于assisted by physician由医生协助的(类似的词有:weather-beaten饱经风霜的, state-owned国有的)(P1L1)
prescribe
v. * a doctor to tell somebody to take a particular medicine or have a particular treatment; to write a
prescription for a particular medicine,etc. 给……开(药);让……采用(疗法);开(处方) 例:The
doctor prescribed a holiday as the best cure for his depression. 医生认为要治好他的抑郁症最好是去度假。 about a person or an organization with authority to say what should be done or how
something should be done 规定;命令;指示 例:The syllabus prescribes precisely which books should
be studied. 教学大纲明确规定了哪些是必读的书。 (P5L2)
【记】构词:pre(事先)+scribe(写);(医生事先写好药方)开药方
suspension
n.*1. the act of officially stopping sth from continuing for a period of time 暂停,中止 例:the
suspension of the trade agreement中止这一贸易协定 2.(尤指作为处分)暂时停职或停学;暂时(从球队等)除名 例:to return to football after a three match suspension在被罚停赛3场之后回到球队中 3.
the act of hanging sth from sth else 悬,挂,吊 例:suspension cables悬缆 (P9L5)
homicide n. 杀人(者)(词根cide意为“杀”,如:suicide自杀,patricide弑父)(P5L3)
hospice n. (晚期病人)护理所 (P8L1) morphine n. 吗啡 (P3L1)
句式结构分析及佳句模仿
gh it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physicianassisted suicide, the Court in effect
supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuriesold moral principle holding that an
action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is
permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
注释:这是一个含有一句话的段落,其中心结构是the Court supported the medical principle,although引导的分句与后面构成转折关系。
翻译:这个存在了几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施的目的是想达到好效果,这个行为就是可以被允许的。
Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors
who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to
control their pain if that might hasten death.”
注释:注意insist后面有接虚拟语气和非虚拟语气两种用法。前者意为“坚持要求、坚持认为”,例:I insisted
that you (should) take immediate action to put this right,后者意为“坚持说、固执声称”,例:She insisted
that she was innocent.这里应该取第二种意思。
另外在新闻报道体裁的文章中引用某专家的言论,多采用这种句式结构,即“人名+职位+动词(contend,
maintain,hold,believe等)+that引导的宾语从句”。本文在第四段和第五段就两次出现。
翻译:蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·道布勒认为,这项原则将保护一些医生,他们直到现在还坚持认为,在大量药物可能加速病人死亡的情况下,他们总不能给病人开足够的药来帮助他们止痛。
another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assistedsuicide debate
has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the
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physical agony of dying.
注释:on another level是全文的分界点,起着切换话题的作用。fueled in part by运用暗喻的修辞手法,形象地描述了后面的现象对这场争论起到推波助澜的作用。
翻译:另一方面,许多医学界人士承认,致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了他们临终时肉体的痛苦。
identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical
procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end
oflife care.
注释:该句子的主干是as...,主语it指代上文提到的report(报告),identify sth as sth指“确认、鉴定……为……”。
翻译:报告指出了临终护理中并存的两大问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆采用“无效而强制性的医疗手术”,这些手术可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让病人死得不体面。
profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of
aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospitalbased care,
and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
注释:该句将四个to引导的不定式结构并列,使句式显得整齐而有气势。
翻译:医疗行业正在采取措施,要求年轻医生到晚期病人休养所接受培训,对大胆的镇痛疗法知识进行检测,为医院护理制定一份医疗保障制度的条例,以及制定新的标准来评估和治疗病人临终的痛苦。
6.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and
predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.
注释:该句的主干是physicians seem unconcerned with the 。to the extent that引导的从句中,it指代主句部分提到的事实。needlessly and predictably意为“既没有必要又不可避免”。
翻译:“许多医生对病人遭受不必要的、可预见的痛苦无动于衷”,甚至构成“蓄意虐待病人”。
On another level, the debate about whether teenagers could be allowed to play online game has
been fueled in part by the claim that it may improve children’s intelligence. 另一方面,关于青年人是否应被允许玩网络游戏的争论之所以升温的部分原因是有人认为网络游戏能增强孩子智力。(Para 6句①)
词汇注释
autonomous
a. 自主的 例:That autonomous spirit has fueled a desire for independence. 那种自主的精神燃起了对独立的渴望。
【记】构词:auto(自己)+nom+ous(形容词后缀);(自己的)自主的 (L16)
credit
n. 表扬,称赞 例:I can’t take any credit ; the others did all the work. 我不能接受任何表扬, 所有的工作都是别人做的。(L17)
dignity
n. 尊严 例:Only a truly free person has human dignity . 只有真正自由的人才具有人的尊严。(L15)
explanatory a. 说明的,解释的 例: explanatory notes at the back of a book 书后的注释 (L6)
human nature 人性 (L5)
practice
n. 惯例,常规 例:It is accepted practice to pay a deposit with one’s order. 在预订时交付定金是一般的惯例。 (L5)
prescientific
a. 近代科学以前的 例:In the prescientific era, scholars such as in India and in China pondered the
relationship between mind and body. 在近代科学以前的时代中,诸如印度和中国的学者对灵魂与肉体
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的关系进行深思。 (L15)
states of mind 心态 (L4)
trait
n. 特点,特征 例:One of his less attractive traits is criticizing his wife in public. 他有个不大讨人喜欢的特点, 就是爱当众责备妻子. (L4)
accessible
a. (常后跟介词to) 1.易(可)到达的,易(可)进入的 例:The bay is only accessible by boats. 这个海湾只有小船才能进入。 2.易(可)得到的,易(可)使用的 3.(人)易(可)接近的(尤指对下级),随和的 *4.易(可)懂的,易(可)欣赏并理解的;access n.通路,入口;(进入某地方,使用某物或接近某人的)机会或权利(~to) vt. 到达,进入,使用(L13)
【记】构词:access(接近)+ible(形容词后缀);可得到的,易接近的
assign
vt. 1.分配,分派,指派(任务) 例:The teacher has assigned each of us a holiday task. 教师给我们每个人都分配了假日的工作。 2.(为特定目的)确定,指定(时间、地点等) 例:How much time have you
assigned for the meeting? 你给这个会定了多长时间? *3.归结为,归属于(某原因、日期等)(后跟介词to) 例:assigned the manuscript to 1832 把这份手稿归到1832年(L12) 【记】构词:as(加强)+sign(信号);(不断给人信号)指定,分配
draw
vt. 1.拖(动),拉(动)(某人、车、窗帘等) 例:draw the chair closer to the fire/the curtain 把椅子向火旁拉近了点/拉上窗帘 2.吸引,使感兴趣 例:The movie is drawing large audiences. 这部影片吸引着大批观众。 3.产生,引起,激起(反应或回应)(用~ sth from sth) 例:The announcement drew
loud applause from the audience. 公告博得观众的热烈掌声。 * have a particular idea after you
have studied sth or thought about it获得,得出,推断出(想法、意见、观点等) 例:What conclusions
did you draw from the report? 你从这个报告中得出什么结论?(L3)
end
n. [通常用复数] 目的,目标 例:She'll stop at nothing to achieve her own ends. 为达到个人目的,她不会为任何事所阻。to that end 为此,为了这一目标 (L19)
obscure
a. * easily or clearly seen or understood; indistinct; hidden 不易看清的; 费解的; 不分明的; 隐藏的 例:His real motive for the crime remains obscure . 他犯罪的真正动机仍不清楚。 well
known 无名的;鲜为人知的 例:an obscure German poet 一位名不见经传的德国诗人 (L8)
trace
v. find or discover somebody/something by looking carefully for them/it 查出;找到;发现;追踪
例:We finally traced him to an address in Chicago. 我们终于追查到他在芝加哥的一个地址。*
find the origin or cause of something 追溯;追究 例:The cause of the fire was traced to a faulty
fusebox. 起火的原因已查出是因保险丝盒中有短路。 describe a process or the development of
something 描绘(事物的过程或发展);追述;记述 例:Her book traces the town’s history from Saxon
times to the present day. 她的书描述的是这个市镇从撒克逊时代到现在的历史。 (L4)
entrenched
a. 确立的,不太可能改变的;trench n. 壕沟,沟渠,堑壕,战壕(L15)
【记】构词:en(在……里面)+trench(壕沟)+ed(形容词后缀);(在壕沟里不出来)不太可能改变的