2024年3月6日发(作者：昌明)
ITT Dublin
School of Engineering
Official record of school work
Think Safety at all times
Students are reminded of their obligation to behave and work in the safety
conscious manner are all time, but particularly in laboratories. Failure to
comply with this requirement will be treated seriously by the Department.
Department of Electronic Engineering
Laboratory and CA work
Program Module
Laboratory Experiment
Lecturer
ID number
Class group
Product Development
Assignment 1
Mr Michael Craig
X00097450
NJUTA
Declaration
I declare that this report is my own work and that all of contributions from
other people and sources are referenced in the body of the report and fully
listed in the reference section at the end of the report. I accept that presenting
other people’s work as my own is a serious offence and it is also a serious
breach of the Institute’s regulations.
Student:Silver(Guo Qi)
Objective
This assignment aims to critically analyse the directives produced by the EU which
are in the context of a technology or telecommunication company. In this case, I
need to choose four directives and the four directives are WEEE, EMC,
Analysis
1. DIRECTIVES
(1) Understanding of the directives
A directive is a legal act of the European Union, which requires member states to
achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. It can
be distinguished from regulations which are self-executing and do not require any
implementing measures. Directives normally leave member states with a certain
amount of leeway as to the exact rules to be adopted. Directives can be adopted by
means of a variety of legislative procedures depending on their subject matter. [1]
(2) Implementation of the directives
When adopted, directives give member states a timetable for the implementation of
the intended outcome. Occasionally, the laws of a member state may already comply
with this outcome, and the state involved would be required only to keep its laws in
place. More commonly, member states are required to make changes to their laws
(commonly referred to as transposition) in order for the directive to be implemented
correctly. This is done in approximately 99% of the cases.[2] If a member state fails to
pass the required national legislation, or if the national legislation does not
adequately comply with the requirements of the directive, the European Commission
may initiate legal action against the member state in the European Court of Justice.
This may also happen when a member state has transposed a directive in theory but
has failed to abide by its provisions in practice.
(3)Effect of the directives
Even though directives were not originally thought to be binding before they were
implemented by member states, the European Court of Justice developed the
doctrine of direct effect where unimplemented or badly implemented directives can
actually have direct legal force. Also, in Francovich v. Italy, the court found that
member states could be liable to pay damages to individuals and companies who had
been adversely affected by the non-implementation of a directive. [3]
2. WEEE Directive
Company: IBM
Product: Thinkpad x240 (laptop)
(1) What is the legal basis for WEEE directive?
WEEE directive is based on article 175 of the Treaty of European Economic
Community (EEC Treaty). Members can use stringent environmental protection
measures, as long as these measures compliance with community law (such as treaty
principle of free flow of goods as stipulated in article 28 to 30). One annexof
theWEEE directive, IA, includes coverage of product category;Annex IB contains the
product catalog under these categories.
(2) Whatis thestandardthat a product is belonging to WEEE directive?
‘Electrical and electronic equipment’ or ‘EEE’ means equipment which is dependent
on electric currents or electromagnetic fields in order to work properly and
equipment for the generation, transfer and measurement of such currents and fields
falling under the categories set out in Annex IA and designed for use with a voltage
rating not exceeding 1000 Volt for alternating current and 1500 Volt for direct
current.
(3)Arebatteries of theThinkpad x240included in the WEEE directive?
The batteryused inWEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) should be
collected according to the WEEE directive, on this basis, the battery will be takenfrom
the electronic equipment (WEEE directive annex II), and are counted inside the
collection target of instruction. These batteries also need to follow the instruction of
recycling use requirement.
3. RoHS Directive
Company: HP
Product: HP 1020plus (printer)
(1) What is the legal basis for RoHS directive?
RoHS directive is based on article 95 of the Treaty of European Economic Community
(EEC Treaty). The purpose of this instruction is to make each member of restrictions
on the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment law, helps
to protect human health and the discarded electronic electrical equipment of the
recovery and disposition of accord with environmental requirements.
(2) Ismaterial restricted by RoHS directive suitable for the production process and
self-sufficient products?
Substances are restricted for the final product, rather than the production process.
RoHS directive applies only to the circulation of products on the market;
self-sufficient products are excluded from the scope of RoHS directive.
(3) Does theRoHS directive apply to the ink cartridges of theHP 1020plus?
According to the definition of the EEE (electrical and electronic equipment), printer
belongs to the electronic electrical equipment, it belongs to the WEEE directive
annex IB class 3 products. When the printer is abandoned, it become WEEE, this
means that within the printer ink cartridges has become a part of WEEE. Although
the cartridge is beyond the scope of the definition of EEE in itself, itis considered to
be consumer goods, so,RoHS directive does not apply to the cartridge.
4. EMC Directive
Company: Apple
Product: Mac
(1) What is the purpose of EMC?
The purpose of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is to keep all those side effects
under reasonable control. EMC designates all the existing and future techniques and
technologies for reducing disturbance and enhancing immunity. [4]
(2)Where can I locate the EMC Number on my Mac? Are EMC Numbers unique?
What are the limitations identifying a specific Mac using EMC Numbers?
EMC stands for "Electromagnetic Compatibility" and is further defined in electrical
engineering as the "ability of electronic equipment to be a 'good electromagnetic
neighbour': It neither causes, nor is susceptible to, electromagnetic interference
(within the limits of applicable standards)."
For identification purposes, the advantages of EMC Numbers are that they are
sometimes on the hardware itself and often are significantly more precise than
Model Numbers. The disadvantages of EMC Numbers are that they are not available
in the "About This Mac" section of Mac OS X, often are placed in inconvenient
locations in small type, and are not externally present at all on some models. EMC
Numbers on Macs commonly are not completely unique either.
However, because EMC Numbers can be more precise than Model Numbers, and are
externally available on some models, they can be quite useful to track down a
particular Mac or at least get "close enough" to an exact match to be worthwhile. If
the Mac will not boot, in particular, EMC Numbers can be of great help.[5]
5. Low Voltage (LVD) Directive
(1) What is the aim of LVD Directive?
The LVD ensures that electrical equipment within certain voltage limits both provides
a high level of protection for European citizens and enjoys a Single Market in the
European Union. The Directive covers electrical equipment with a voltage between
50 and 1000 V for alternating current and between 75 and 1500 V for direct current.
It should be noted that these voltage ratings refer to the voltage of the electrical
input or output, not to voltages that may appear inside the equipment. For most
electrical equipment, the health aspects of emissions of Electromagnetic Fields are
also under the domain of the Low Voltage Directive.[6]
(2) What is the impact of LVD directive?
In respect of conformity assessment, there is no third party intervention, as the
manufacturer undertakes the conformity assessment. There are "Notified Bodies"
which may be used to provide reports in response to a challenge by a national
authority as to the conformity of the equipment.
With regard to the international development in the European policy, both national
authorities and industry consider it to have been a success and a role model for
other trade blocs, where mandatory third-party intervention is usually the norm.
European accident levels with respect to this type of equipment have been shown to
be consistently lower than other comparable trading regions, although a nil level of
accidents is the absolute objective.[6]
Conclusion:
The regular directives given by the EU have both advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages:
•With this "passport" your products can easily gain access to the entire European
Union (EU) plus European Free Trade Association (EFTA) market.
•There will be only one set of laws and regulations for the entire marketplace which
guide the designing, manufacturing and labelling of products. The multiple and
conflicting national restrictions on regulated products will be eliminated. Thus the CE
Marking on your product will make your trade with EU countries cheaper and easier.
•Your product will be made safer for consumers and thus the damage claims and
liability premiums will be reduced.
Disadvantages:
•New product directives may exceed the current national laws and regulations. It
may cost a manufacturer extra to modify the currently existed design and/or
production line in order to continue exporting to or gain access to this huge
European market.
•Extra costs in obtaining the product Certificate of Registration for CE Marking and
any, if applicable, required testing certification.
Reference
[1]/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)
[2]"Internal Market Scoreboard: best result ever - Member States reach new target
ahead of deadline". Europa (web portal). 9 July 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
[3]/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)
[4]/enterprise/sectors/electrical/emc/
[5]/mac-identification/
[6] /enterprise/sectors/electrical/lvd/
2024年3月6日发(作者：昌明)
ITT Dublin
School of Engineering
Official record of school work
Think Safety at all times
Students are reminded of their obligation to behave and work in the safety
conscious manner are all time, but particularly in laboratories. Failure to
comply with this requirement will be treated seriously by the Department.
Department of Electronic Engineering
Laboratory and CA work
Program Module
Laboratory Experiment
Lecturer
ID number
Class group
Product Development
Assignment 1
Mr Michael Craig
X00097450
NJUTA
Declaration
I declare that this report is my own work and that all of contributions from
other people and sources are referenced in the body of the report and fully
listed in the reference section at the end of the report. I accept that presenting
other people’s work as my own is a serious offence and it is also a serious
breach of the Institute’s regulations.
Student:Silver(Guo Qi)
Objective
This assignment aims to critically analyse the directives produced by the EU which
are in the context of a technology or telecommunication company. In this case, I
need to choose four directives and the four directives are WEEE, EMC,
Analysis
1. DIRECTIVES
(1) Understanding of the directives
A directive is a legal act of the European Union, which requires member states to
achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. It can
be distinguished from regulations which are self-executing and do not require any
implementing measures. Directives normally leave member states with a certain
amount of leeway as to the exact rules to be adopted. Directives can be adopted by
means of a variety of legislative procedures depending on their subject matter. [1]
(2) Implementation of the directives
When adopted, directives give member states a timetable for the implementation of
the intended outcome. Occasionally, the laws of a member state may already comply
with this outcome, and the state involved would be required only to keep its laws in
place. More commonly, member states are required to make changes to their laws
(commonly referred to as transposition) in order for the directive to be implemented
correctly. This is done in approximately 99% of the cases.[2] If a member state fails to
pass the required national legislation, or if the national legislation does not
adequately comply with the requirements of the directive, the European Commission
may initiate legal action against the member state in the European Court of Justice.
This may also happen when a member state has transposed a directive in theory but
has failed to abide by its provisions in practice.
(3)Effect of the directives
Even though directives were not originally thought to be binding before they were
implemented by member states, the European Court of Justice developed the
doctrine of direct effect where unimplemented or badly implemented directives can
actually have direct legal force. Also, in Francovich v. Italy, the court found that
member states could be liable to pay damages to individuals and companies who had
been adversely affected by the non-implementation of a directive. [3]
2. WEEE Directive
Company: IBM
Product: Thinkpad x240 (laptop)
(1) What is the legal basis for WEEE directive?
WEEE directive is based on article 175 of the Treaty of European Economic
Community (EEC Treaty). Members can use stringent environmental protection
measures, as long as these measures compliance with community law (such as treaty
principle of free flow of goods as stipulated in article 28 to 30). One annexof
theWEEE directive, IA, includes coverage of product category;Annex IB contains the
product catalog under these categories.
(2) Whatis thestandardthat a product is belonging to WEEE directive?
‘Electrical and electronic equipment’ or ‘EEE’ means equipment which is dependent
on electric currents or electromagnetic fields in order to work properly and
equipment for the generation, transfer and measurement of such currents and fields
falling under the categories set out in Annex IA and designed for use with a voltage
rating not exceeding 1000 Volt for alternating current and 1500 Volt for direct
current.
(3)Arebatteries of theThinkpad x240included in the WEEE directive?
The batteryused inWEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) should be
collected according to the WEEE directive, on this basis, the battery will be takenfrom
the electronic equipment (WEEE directive annex II), and are counted inside the
collection target of instruction. These batteries also need to follow the instruction of
recycling use requirement.
3. RoHS Directive
Company: HP
Product: HP 1020plus (printer)
(1) What is the legal basis for RoHS directive?
RoHS directive is based on article 95 of the Treaty of European Economic Community
(EEC Treaty). The purpose of this instruction is to make each member of restrictions
on the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment law, helps
to protect human health and the discarded electronic electrical equipment of the
recovery and disposition of accord with environmental requirements.
(2) Ismaterial restricted by RoHS directive suitable for the production process and
self-sufficient products?
Substances are restricted for the final product, rather than the production process.
RoHS directive applies only to the circulation of products on the market;
self-sufficient products are excluded from the scope of RoHS directive.
(3) Does theRoHS directive apply to the ink cartridges of theHP 1020plus?
According to the definition of the EEE (electrical and electronic equipment), printer
belongs to the electronic electrical equipment, it belongs to the WEEE directive
annex IB class 3 products. When the printer is abandoned, it become WEEE, this
means that within the printer ink cartridges has become a part of WEEE. Although
the cartridge is beyond the scope of the definition of EEE in itself, itis considered to
be consumer goods, so,RoHS directive does not apply to the cartridge.
4. EMC Directive
Company: Apple
Product: Mac
(1) What is the purpose of EMC?
The purpose of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is to keep all those side effects
under reasonable control. EMC designates all the existing and future techniques and
technologies for reducing disturbance and enhancing immunity. [4]
(2)Where can I locate the EMC Number on my Mac? Are EMC Numbers unique?
What are the limitations identifying a specific Mac using EMC Numbers?
EMC stands for "Electromagnetic Compatibility" and is further defined in electrical
engineering as the "ability of electronic equipment to be a 'good electromagnetic
neighbour': It neither causes, nor is susceptible to, electromagnetic interference
(within the limits of applicable standards)."
For identification purposes, the advantages of EMC Numbers are that they are
sometimes on the hardware itself and often are significantly more precise than
Model Numbers. The disadvantages of EMC Numbers are that they are not available
in the "About This Mac" section of Mac OS X, often are placed in inconvenient
locations in small type, and are not externally present at all on some models. EMC
Numbers on Macs commonly are not completely unique either.
However, because EMC Numbers can be more precise than Model Numbers, and are
externally available on some models, they can be quite useful to track down a
particular Mac or at least get "close enough" to an exact match to be worthwhile. If
the Mac will not boot, in particular, EMC Numbers can be of great help.[5]
5. Low Voltage (LVD) Directive
(1) What is the aim of LVD Directive?
The LVD ensures that electrical equipment within certain voltage limits both provides
a high level of protection for European citizens and enjoys a Single Market in the
European Union. The Directive covers electrical equipment with a voltage between
50 and 1000 V for alternating current and between 75 and 1500 V for direct current.
It should be noted that these voltage ratings refer to the voltage of the electrical
input or output, not to voltages that may appear inside the equipment. For most
electrical equipment, the health aspects of emissions of Electromagnetic Fields are
also under the domain of the Low Voltage Directive.[6]
(2) What is the impact of LVD directive?
In respect of conformity assessment, there is no third party intervention, as the
manufacturer undertakes the conformity assessment. There are "Notified Bodies"
which may be used to provide reports in response to a challenge by a national
authority as to the conformity of the equipment.
With regard to the international development in the European policy, both national
authorities and industry consider it to have been a success and a role model for
other trade blocs, where mandatory third-party intervention is usually the norm.
European accident levels with respect to this type of equipment have been shown to
be consistently lower than other comparable trading regions, although a nil level of
accidents is the absolute objective.[6]
Conclusion:
The regular directives given by the EU have both advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages:
•With this "passport" your products can easily gain access to the entire European
Union (EU) plus European Free Trade Association (EFTA) market.
•There will be only one set of laws and regulations for the entire marketplace which
guide the designing, manufacturing and labelling of products. The multiple and
conflicting national restrictions on regulated products will be eliminated. Thus the CE
Marking on your product will make your trade with EU countries cheaper and easier.
•Your product will be made safer for consumers and thus the damage claims and
liability premiums will be reduced.
Disadvantages:
•New product directives may exceed the current national laws and regulations. It
may cost a manufacturer extra to modify the currently existed design and/or
production line in order to continue exporting to or gain access to this huge
European market.
•Extra costs in obtaining the product Certificate of Registration for CE Marking and
any, if applicable, required testing certification.
Reference
[1]/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)
[2]"Internal Market Scoreboard: best result ever - Member States reach new target
ahead of deadline". Europa (web portal). 9 July 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
[3]/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)
[4]/enterprise/sectors/electrical/emc/
[5]/mac-identification/
[6] /enterprise/sectors/electrical/lvd/