2024年3月19日发(作者：其友易)
word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持
I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first
letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only.
1. Clear ［1］ and dark [ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same
position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in complementary distribution. (P24)
2. Morphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)
3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all vowel sounds are voiced. (P16)
4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is
called the Cooperative principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)
5. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point
of time is called a synchronic study of language. (P4)
6. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the
lungs meets with any obstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)
7. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists
of Det, N and S, with Det being the specifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46)
9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an utterance is
concrete and context-dependent. (P70)
11. Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions
as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70)
12. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of
language over a period of time. (P70)
13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower
level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of
meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality. (P70)
14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the
pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15)
16. Suprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of
meaning. (P70)
18. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in
sound or spelling, or in both. (P70)
19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and
acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)
word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持
21. Syntax_ studies the sentence structure of language. (P70)
22. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are homonymy. (P70)
23. Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. (P70)
24. The modern linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on
authentic and mainly spoken language data. (P70)
25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while parole
contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker.
(P70)
26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is
mediated by concept. (P70)
27. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and broad transcription. (P70)
28. In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of
quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation and maxim of manner. (P70)
29. Pragmatics is the study of language in use. (P70)
30. Historical linguistics studies language change or historical development of language. (P70)
II. Directions：Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for
true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.
( T )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and
what these words actually refer to.
( T ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the
number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
( T ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional
dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.
( T ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than
the written form for a number of reasons.
( F ) 5. The compound word “reading-room” is the place where a person can read books. This
indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.
( T ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer
knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.
( T ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel
word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持
such as /i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.
( T ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their
study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and
encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.
( T ) 9. The open-class words include prepositions.
( T ) 10. According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e.
between a word and a thing it refers to.
( T ) 11. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.
( F ) 12. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (sunrise)
( T ) 13. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described
and analyzed in their investigation.
( F ) 14. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into
the study of another language.
( F ) 15. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because
English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.
( F ) 16. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s
eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.
( F ) 17. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning！” can
be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”
( T ) 18. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of
acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.
( F ) 19. According to N. Chomsky, ”competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in
utterance.
( F ) 20. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.
( F ) 21. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.
( T ) 22. Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.
( F ) 23. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.
( T ) 24. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
( T ) 25. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus
there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.
( F ) 26. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持
( F ) 27. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech
community.
( T ) 28. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the
conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its
maxims.
( F ) 29. Pragmatic failure may occur in cross-cultural communication, i.e. between speakers of
different cultural backgrounds, but not occur in intra-cultural between
speakers of the same cultural background.
( T ) 30. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.
III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration when
necessary.
1. diachronic linguistics
Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.
the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.
2. synchronic linguistics
Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of
English used during Shakespeare’s time.
3. Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
4. context
Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the
hearer.
5. blending
A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. E.g. smog--- smoke + fog.
6. reference
Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship
between the form and the reality.
7. broad transcription
Broad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally
used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.
2024年3月19日发(作者：其友易)
word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持
I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first
letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only.
1. Clear ［1］ and dark [ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same
position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in complementary distribution. (P24)
2. Morphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)
3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all vowel sounds are voiced. (P16)
4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is
called the Cooperative principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87)
5. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point
of time is called a synchronic study of language. (P4)
6. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the
lungs meets with any obstruction when a sound is produced. (P18)
7. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists
of Det, N and S, with Det being the specifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46)
9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an utterance is
concrete and context-dependent. (P70)
11. Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions
as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70)
12. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of
language over a period of time. (P70)
13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower
level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of
meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called duality. (P70)
14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the
pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15)
16. Suprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of
meaning. (P70)
18. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in
sound or spelling, or in both. (P70)
19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and
acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)
word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持
21. Syntax_ studies the sentence structure of language. (P70)
22. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are homonymy. (P70)
23. Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. (P70)
24. The modern linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on
authentic and mainly spoken language data. (P70)
25. Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while parole
contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker.
(P70)
26. In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is
mediated by concept. (P70)
27. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and broad transcription. (P70)
28. In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims. They are maxim of
quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relation and maxim of manner. (P70)
29. Pragmatics is the study of language in use. (P70)
30. Historical linguistics studies language change or historical development of language. (P70)
II. Directions：Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for
true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.
( T )1. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and
what these words actually refer to.
( T ) 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the
number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
( T ) 3. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional
dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.
( T ) 4. In modern linguistic studies, the spoken form of language is given more emphasis than
the written form for a number of reasons.
( F ) 5. The compound word “reading-room” is the place where a person can read books. This
indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.
( T ) 6. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer
knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.
( T ) 7. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel
word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持
such as /i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.
( T ) 8. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their
study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and
encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.
( T ) 9. The open-class words include prepositions.
( T ) 10. According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e.
between a word and a thing it refers to.
( T ) 11. The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.
( F ) 12. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (sunrise)
( T ) 13. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described
and analyzed in their investigation.
( F ) 14. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into
the study of another language.
( F ) 15. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because
English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.
( F ) 16. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s
eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.
( F ) 17. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning！” can
be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”
( T ) 18. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of
acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.
( F ) 19. According to N. Chomsky, ”competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in
utterance.
( F ) 20. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.
( F ) 21. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.
( T ) 22. Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.
( F ) 23. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.
( T ) 24. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
( T ) 25. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus
there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.
( F ) 26. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持
( F ) 27. Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech
community.
( T ) 28. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the
conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its
maxims.
( F ) 29. Pragmatic failure may occur in cross-cultural communication, i.e. between speakers of
different cultural backgrounds, but not occur in intra-cultural between
speakers of the same cultural background.
( T ) 30. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.
III. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration when
necessary.
1. diachronic linguistics
Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.
the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.
2. synchronic linguistics
Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of
English used during Shakespeare’s time.
3. Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
4. context
Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the
hearer.
5. blending
A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. E.g. smog--- smoke + fog.
6. reference
Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship
between the form and the reality.
7. broad transcription
Broad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally
used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.