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植物阴生叶和阳生叶的形态识别及生理特征研究

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2024年4月23日发(作者:俎一雯)

植物阴生叶和阳生叶的形态识别及生理

特征研究

摘要:在植物的生长过程中,叶形是一个重要因素。叶片是最主要的光合器

官,植物叶片和形状的改变,在一定程度上可以优化光合效率。由于光强和光质

的不同,能在植物中发现几种不同的叶生长差异。在弱光照下,植物主要生长阴

生叶,且只有一层栅栏组织,而在强光照下,植物主要生长阳生叶,且具有两层

几乎完整的栅栏组织。虽然这些变化在叶片中的发生机制尚未被完全理解,但最

近相关的研究已经提供了一些线索。基于最近的研究,我们将提供一个阴生叶阳

生叶形态对比及生理特征对比的概述。

关键词:阴生叶;阳生叶;形态对比;生理特征

阳生叶是指直接暴露在阳光下,接受到的太阳直射光的叶片,通常生长在树

冠的上层。阴生叶是指完全或部分遮蔽在其他树叶中,接受太阳散射光的叶片,

通常在树冠的内部或底部。树木每天维持日常的基本生长需要大量的水,树木

的根系通过吸水扩散,但因为雨水较少,为了适应缺水的环境,树木产生了一些

节约用水的方法。其中一种方法就是把树叶分成两种叶------阳生叶和阴生叶。

其中阳生叶叶面积较小,以减少叶片在阳光中的曝光度以及减少风力对叶片的影

响。而阴生叶相对来说叶面积较大,因为这样可以增加叶片在阳光中的曝光度。

对植物来说,光对叶片非常重要,只有叶片吸收到光能,光合作用才能发生,进

而积累能量。如若没有阴生叶和阳生叶的系统,它将失去更多的水分。

同时,在估算树木冠层的的光合作用时,因为阴性叶和阳性叶具有不同的光

截取,而且具有不同的温度和湿度,气孔的传导率显然也就不同,从而导致叶片光

合作用差异较大,正是由于植物光合作用对光强的反应是非线性的,因此有必要

对阴生叶和阳生叶分别处理,计算各自的光合作用再进行累加。这样所获得的冠

层光合作用才更符合实际,这就是后来所谓的“双叶模型”。本文通过对植物的

[3]

[2]

[1]

阳生、阴生叶进行比较研究,探讨了其结构与环境的关系,以及两者之间的生理

差异。

1.研究方法

通过文献综述法,在cnki上,以“阴生叶”、“阳生叶”分别为关键词、

主题词,对2001年以来中文文献进行检索和分析(截止2020年12月28日)。

2.阴生叶与阳生叶的形态对比及发生机制

2.1阴生叶面积和阳生叶面积及气孔数量对比

多数植物阴生叶面积大于阳生叶面积。阴生叶气孔大而稀疏,阳生叶气孔小

而密集。

阳生叶所在位置为植物外沿,相对阴生叶,所受的光照强度更大。热量及风

等因素对植物叶片水分影响更大。为适应该环境,植物阳生叶面积较小,光合作

用速率高,以减少曝光面积和水分丧失,保持湿润。阴生叶所处位置位于植物内

部及阴暗处,所受光照、风力影响小。为更好地进行光合作用,植物阴生叶通过

较大面积,接收光照,利于光合作用。阳生叶和阴生叶有不同微小孔样开口,通

常集中在叶片上受保护底面被称为气孔。气孔在阳生叶中较小,作为补偿机制,

通常更为密集。而阴生叶中气孔较大,但在数量上少得多。

2.2阴生叶与阳生叶叶色对比

阴生叶为深绿色,而阳生叶为浅绿色。植物进行光合作用时,叶绿素只吸收

可见光中的红黄光和蓝紫光,而对于波长处于红黄光和蓝紫光中间的绿色光完全

不吸收且全部反射。植物叶片颜色深浅与叶绿素含量密切相关。根据苏吉虎等

研究证明,阴生叶叶绿素含量大于阳生叶。因此,阴生叶相对阳生叶对光中绿色

光吸收少,呈现深绿色,而阳生叶呈现浅绿色。

阴生叶所受光照少,单位体积内需更多叶绿体进行光合作用,符合植物适应

环境理论。

2.3阴生叶与阳生叶厚薄的比较

通过对梓树进行解剖,阳生叶厚度、栅栏组织、表皮、角质层等约为阴生叶

的2倍。阴生叶和阳生叶因位置不同,导致了光照条件差异,为适应该环境差异,

阴生叶和阳生叶的物理结构发生变化,导致两者结构差异。叶片由叶脉、上表皮、

下表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织、保卫细胞等组成。阳生叶包含两层完整的栅栏组

织,而阴生叶仅仅包含一层栅栏组织,对叶片厚度影响较大。上下表皮阳生叶皮

质粗糙、多有折角,叶脉更为发达,符合阳生叶减少阳光灼烧、快速输水、保湿

的特点,而阴生叶表皮相对平滑、叶脉不发达,符合阴生环境,光照少的特点。

此外,因对光的利用不同,叶绿体在阴生叶中分布较均匀,而在阳生叶中,因光

比较充足,叶绿体较集中,同时,叶肉细胞在光合作用中参与运送CO2,叶肉细

胞在叶片中更为集中,这也导致了阳生叶更厚。

2.4阳生叶叶绿体和阴生叶叶绿体的比较

叶片及其叶绿体暴露在多种多样、波动起伏的光环境中,有些适于高光环

境生长,而有些仅在低光下生长茂盛。除了强光和弱光的光环境之外,叶片还暴

露在季节性变化、日变化、分钟级变化甚至秒级变化的光环境之中。云层或太阳

斑造成的光辐射的快速变化,在数秒内能使入射光辐射削弱90%,且迅速恢复。

因此,叶绿体的进化已经适应从季节到秒级的光强和光质的变化。

在高光下生长发育的叶片具有阳生叶叶绿体,而阴生叶叶绿体在荫庇的条件

下发育而成。现已证明,叶绿体发育受光的严密控制。与阴生叶叶绿体相比,

阳生叶叶绿体基粒,每个基粒内囊体及内囊体总面积都较少或较小,捕光天线

小,碳还原酶活性高。因此这类叶绿体适于高光和低CO2条件;而阴生叶叶绿体

适于低光和高CO2环境。阴生叶和阳生叶叶绿体都具有空间元件和时间元件。阴

生叶绿体和阳生叶绿体的差异表现出叶绿体暴露在不同光环境的时间和地点不同。

经典的空间例子是叶绿体生长在同一树冠的外围(高光)还是内部(阴生)的差

异。

3.讨论

本文综合概述了阳生叶和阴生叶的的形态对比及发生机制。探讨了阳生叶和

阴生叶的研究方法和测定指标,从解剖叶片和测定二者之间的生理特征的差异进

[9]

[8]

[7]

[6]

[5]

[4]

行对比,对阳生叶和阴生叶的对比研究,作出一些总结。对进一步研究阴生叶和

阳生叶之间的相互关系,奠定了一些基础。同时,探讨了其结构与环境的关系,

为认识植物对环境的适应性方面提供了一些线索。

参考文献

[1] 苏吉虎,沈允钢. 珊瑚树阳生和阴生叶片光合特性和状态转换的比较[J].

植物生理与分子生物学学报,2003,05:443-448.

[2] ]蒙凤群. 浙江天童亚热带常绿阔叶林木本植物小枝构型的功能生态学

研究[D].南京大学,2014.

[3]申双和,张雪松,欧阳竹. 双叶模型在冬小麦田冠层CO2通量多层模拟中

的应用[J]. 气象学报,2011,05:819-829.

[4] 李登秋,周艳莲,居为民,王辉民,柳艺博,吴小翠. 太阳辐射变化对亚热

带人工常绿针叶林总初级生产力影响的模拟分析[J]. 植物生态学

报,2014,03:219-230.

[5] 张雪松,申双和,宋洁,周晓冬,李永秀. 棉花冠层阴阳叶空间分布的日变

化及其对光合作用的影响[J]. 大气科学学报,2010,02:180-185.

[6] 皑妍. 天然幼龄兴安落叶松光合特征研究[D].内蒙古农业大学,2004.

[7] 程炳嵩,张忠义,邵廷富,郁生福,王忠孝. 棉株光合性能的研究——棉叶

对光照条件的适应及其实践意义[J]. 山东农业大学学报(自然科学

版),1961,00:35-46.

[8] ]张雪松. 棉田多层双叶模拟中冠层日总光合作用的估算[A]. 中国气象

学会.中国气象学会2007年年会生态气象业务建设与农业气象灾害预警分会场论

文集[C].中国气象学会:,2007:6.

[9]邱尔发,陈卓梅,洪伟,郑郁善,黄宝龙,杨主泉. 不同年龄麻竹阴阳叶生态

生理特性[J]. 生态学报,2006,10:3296-3301.

2024年4月23日发(作者:俎一雯)

植物阴生叶和阳生叶的形态识别及生理

特征研究

摘要:在植物的生长过程中,叶形是一个重要因素。叶片是最主要的光合器

官,植物叶片和形状的改变,在一定程度上可以优化光合效率。由于光强和光质

的不同,能在植物中发现几种不同的叶生长差异。在弱光照下,植物主要生长阴

生叶,且只有一层栅栏组织,而在强光照下,植物主要生长阳生叶,且具有两层

几乎完整的栅栏组织。虽然这些变化在叶片中的发生机制尚未被完全理解,但最

近相关的研究已经提供了一些线索。基于最近的研究,我们将提供一个阴生叶阳

生叶形态对比及生理特征对比的概述。

关键词:阴生叶;阳生叶;形态对比;生理特征

阳生叶是指直接暴露在阳光下,接受到的太阳直射光的叶片,通常生长在树

冠的上层。阴生叶是指完全或部分遮蔽在其他树叶中,接受太阳散射光的叶片,

通常在树冠的内部或底部。树木每天维持日常的基本生长需要大量的水,树木

的根系通过吸水扩散,但因为雨水较少,为了适应缺水的环境,树木产生了一些

节约用水的方法。其中一种方法就是把树叶分成两种叶------阳生叶和阴生叶。

其中阳生叶叶面积较小,以减少叶片在阳光中的曝光度以及减少风力对叶片的影

响。而阴生叶相对来说叶面积较大,因为这样可以增加叶片在阳光中的曝光度。

对植物来说,光对叶片非常重要,只有叶片吸收到光能,光合作用才能发生,进

而积累能量。如若没有阴生叶和阳生叶的系统,它将失去更多的水分。

同时,在估算树木冠层的的光合作用时,因为阴性叶和阳性叶具有不同的光

截取,而且具有不同的温度和湿度,气孔的传导率显然也就不同,从而导致叶片光

合作用差异较大,正是由于植物光合作用对光强的反应是非线性的,因此有必要

对阴生叶和阳生叶分别处理,计算各自的光合作用再进行累加。这样所获得的冠

层光合作用才更符合实际,这就是后来所谓的“双叶模型”。本文通过对植物的

[3]

[2]

[1]

阳生、阴生叶进行比较研究,探讨了其结构与环境的关系,以及两者之间的生理

差异。

1.研究方法

通过文献综述法,在cnki上,以“阴生叶”、“阳生叶”分别为关键词、

主题词,对2001年以来中文文献进行检索和分析(截止2020年12月28日)。

2.阴生叶与阳生叶的形态对比及发生机制

2.1阴生叶面积和阳生叶面积及气孔数量对比

多数植物阴生叶面积大于阳生叶面积。阴生叶气孔大而稀疏,阳生叶气孔小

而密集。

阳生叶所在位置为植物外沿,相对阴生叶,所受的光照强度更大。热量及风

等因素对植物叶片水分影响更大。为适应该环境,植物阳生叶面积较小,光合作

用速率高,以减少曝光面积和水分丧失,保持湿润。阴生叶所处位置位于植物内

部及阴暗处,所受光照、风力影响小。为更好地进行光合作用,植物阴生叶通过

较大面积,接收光照,利于光合作用。阳生叶和阴生叶有不同微小孔样开口,通

常集中在叶片上受保护底面被称为气孔。气孔在阳生叶中较小,作为补偿机制,

通常更为密集。而阴生叶中气孔较大,但在数量上少得多。

2.2阴生叶与阳生叶叶色对比

阴生叶为深绿色,而阳生叶为浅绿色。植物进行光合作用时,叶绿素只吸收

可见光中的红黄光和蓝紫光,而对于波长处于红黄光和蓝紫光中间的绿色光完全

不吸收且全部反射。植物叶片颜色深浅与叶绿素含量密切相关。根据苏吉虎等

研究证明,阴生叶叶绿素含量大于阳生叶。因此,阴生叶相对阳生叶对光中绿色

光吸收少,呈现深绿色,而阳生叶呈现浅绿色。

阴生叶所受光照少,单位体积内需更多叶绿体进行光合作用,符合植物适应

环境理论。

2.3阴生叶与阳生叶厚薄的比较

通过对梓树进行解剖,阳生叶厚度、栅栏组织、表皮、角质层等约为阴生叶

的2倍。阴生叶和阳生叶因位置不同,导致了光照条件差异,为适应该环境差异,

阴生叶和阳生叶的物理结构发生变化,导致两者结构差异。叶片由叶脉、上表皮、

下表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织、保卫细胞等组成。阳生叶包含两层完整的栅栏组

织,而阴生叶仅仅包含一层栅栏组织,对叶片厚度影响较大。上下表皮阳生叶皮

质粗糙、多有折角,叶脉更为发达,符合阳生叶减少阳光灼烧、快速输水、保湿

的特点,而阴生叶表皮相对平滑、叶脉不发达,符合阴生环境,光照少的特点。

此外,因对光的利用不同,叶绿体在阴生叶中分布较均匀,而在阳生叶中,因光

比较充足,叶绿体较集中,同时,叶肉细胞在光合作用中参与运送CO2,叶肉细

胞在叶片中更为集中,这也导致了阳生叶更厚。

2.4阳生叶叶绿体和阴生叶叶绿体的比较

叶片及其叶绿体暴露在多种多样、波动起伏的光环境中,有些适于高光环

境生长,而有些仅在低光下生长茂盛。除了强光和弱光的光环境之外,叶片还暴

露在季节性变化、日变化、分钟级变化甚至秒级变化的光环境之中。云层或太阳

斑造成的光辐射的快速变化,在数秒内能使入射光辐射削弱90%,且迅速恢复。

因此,叶绿体的进化已经适应从季节到秒级的光强和光质的变化。

在高光下生长发育的叶片具有阳生叶叶绿体,而阴生叶叶绿体在荫庇的条件

下发育而成。现已证明,叶绿体发育受光的严密控制。与阴生叶叶绿体相比,

阳生叶叶绿体基粒,每个基粒内囊体及内囊体总面积都较少或较小,捕光天线

小,碳还原酶活性高。因此这类叶绿体适于高光和低CO2条件;而阴生叶叶绿体

适于低光和高CO2环境。阴生叶和阳生叶叶绿体都具有空间元件和时间元件。阴

生叶绿体和阳生叶绿体的差异表现出叶绿体暴露在不同光环境的时间和地点不同。

经典的空间例子是叶绿体生长在同一树冠的外围(高光)还是内部(阴生)的差

异。

3.讨论

本文综合概述了阳生叶和阴生叶的的形态对比及发生机制。探讨了阳生叶和

阴生叶的研究方法和测定指标,从解剖叶片和测定二者之间的生理特征的差异进

[9]

[8]

[7]

[6]

[5]

[4]

行对比,对阳生叶和阴生叶的对比研究,作出一些总结。对进一步研究阴生叶和

阳生叶之间的相互关系,奠定了一些基础。同时,探讨了其结构与环境的关系,

为认识植物对环境的适应性方面提供了一些线索。

参考文献

[1] 苏吉虎,沈允钢. 珊瑚树阳生和阴生叶片光合特性和状态转换的比较[J].

植物生理与分子生物学学报,2003,05:443-448.

[2] ]蒙凤群. 浙江天童亚热带常绿阔叶林木本植物小枝构型的功能生态学

研究[D].南京大学,2014.

[3]申双和,张雪松,欧阳竹. 双叶模型在冬小麦田冠层CO2通量多层模拟中

的应用[J]. 气象学报,2011,05:819-829.

[4] 李登秋,周艳莲,居为民,王辉民,柳艺博,吴小翠. 太阳辐射变化对亚热

带人工常绿针叶林总初级生产力影响的模拟分析[J]. 植物生态学

报,2014,03:219-230.

[5] 张雪松,申双和,宋洁,周晓冬,李永秀. 棉花冠层阴阳叶空间分布的日变

化及其对光合作用的影响[J]. 大气科学学报,2010,02:180-185.

[6] 皑妍. 天然幼龄兴安落叶松光合特征研究[D].内蒙古农业大学,2004.

[7] 程炳嵩,张忠义,邵廷富,郁生福,王忠孝. 棉株光合性能的研究——棉叶

对光照条件的适应及其实践意义[J]. 山东农业大学学报(自然科学

版),1961,00:35-46.

[8] ]张雪松. 棉田多层双叶模拟中冠层日总光合作用的估算[A]. 中国气象

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[9]邱尔发,陈卓梅,洪伟,郑郁善,黄宝龙,杨主泉. 不同年龄麻竹阴阳叶生态

生理特性[J]. 生态学报,2006,10:3296-3301.

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File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1742417309)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1742535523)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1742535523)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1742558671)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1742558671)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1743522051)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1743522051)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1743537048)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1743537048)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1743603761)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1743603761)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1743890364)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1743890364)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1743912404)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1743912404)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1743912609)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1743912609)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1743912634)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1743912634)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1743913613)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1743913613)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
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