2024年5月23日发(作者：良吟怀)
1. Pragmatics is the study of language in use.
Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer)
and interpreted by a listener (or reader).
Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning
Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.
Pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those
forms.
2. Syntax is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in
sequence, and which sequences are well-formed.
3. Semantics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world;
that is, how words literally connect to things.
4. Deixis 指示语 is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with
utterances. It means ‘pointing’ via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this
‘pointing’ is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called
indexicals. They are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children and can be used to
indicate people via person deixis (such as, ‘me’, ‘you’), or location via spatial deixis (such as
‘here’, ‘there’), or time via temporal deixis (such as ‘now’, ‘then’).
5. Proximal terms近指 are typically interpreted in terms of the speaker’s location, or the
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deictic center指示中心. ‘this’, ‘there’, ‘now’, ‘then’ near speaker
6. Distal terms远指can simply indicate ‘away’ from speaker’, but, in some languages, can
be used to distinguish between ‘near addressee’ and ‘away from both speaker and
addressee’.
7. Person deixis人称指示语clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified例证 by
the pronouns for first person, second person, and third person./ forms used to point to people,
“me””you”
8. Expressions which indicate addressee higher status are described as honorifics敬语.
9. The discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice of one of these forms rather
than another is sometimes described as social deixis./forms used to indicate relative social status
10. A distinction between forms used for familiar versus a non-familiar addressee in some
languages. This is known as the T/V distinction.
用复数形态来表示单数敬语，在语言中叫 T-V distinction。此概念由 1960 年的学者 Brown 和
Gilman 提出，他们将第二人称单数分为两种形态：T 形态（T-form）和 V 形态（V-form），前者在非正
式场合、尊称呼卑、关系亲密的人之间使用，后者在正式场合、下级称呼上级、称呼陌生人的时候使用
11. exclusive ‘we’ (speaker plus other(s), excluding addressee)；
inclusive ‘we’ (speaker and addressee included).
12. spatial deixis空间指示语- the relative location of people and things is being indicated. Eg,
here, there/ forms used to point to location.
2
2024年5月23日发(作者：良吟怀)
1. Pragmatics is the study of language in use.
Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer)
and interpreted by a listener (or reader).
Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning
Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.
Pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those
forms.
2. Syntax is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in
sequence, and which sequences are well-formed.
3. Semantics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world;
that is, how words literally connect to things.
4. Deixis 指示语 is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with
utterances. It means ‘pointing’ via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this
‘pointing’ is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called
indexicals. They are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children and can be used to
indicate people via person deixis (such as, ‘me’, ‘you’), or location via spatial deixis (such as
‘here’, ‘there’), or time via temporal deixis (such as ‘now’, ‘then’).
5. Proximal terms近指 are typically interpreted in terms of the speaker’s location, or the
1
deictic center指示中心. ‘this’, ‘there’, ‘now’, ‘then’ near speaker
6. Distal terms远指can simply indicate ‘away’ from speaker’, but, in some languages, can
be used to distinguish between ‘near addressee’ and ‘away from both speaker and
addressee’.
7. Person deixis人称指示语clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified例证 by
the pronouns for first person, second person, and third person./ forms used to point to people,
“me””you”
8. Expressions which indicate addressee higher status are described as honorifics敬语.
9. The discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice of one of these forms rather
than another is sometimes described as social deixis./forms used to indicate relative social status
10. A distinction between forms used for familiar versus a non-familiar addressee in some
languages. This is known as the T/V distinction.
用复数形态来表示单数敬语，在语言中叫 T-V distinction。此概念由 1960 年的学者 Brown 和
Gilman 提出，他们将第二人称单数分为两种形态：T 形态（T-form）和 V 形态（V-form），前者在非正
式场合、尊称呼卑、关系亲密的人之间使用，后者在正式场合、下级称呼上级、称呼陌生人的时候使用
11. exclusive ‘we’ (speaker plus other(s), excluding addressee)；
inclusive ‘we’ (speaker and addressee included).
12. spatial deixis空间指示语- the relative location of people and things is being indicated. Eg,
here, there/ forms used to point to location.
2