wireless
Wireless Tools包含了一下工具：
iwconfig：设置基本无线参数iwlist：扫描、列出频率，比特率，密钥等iwspy：获取每个节点链接的质量(只能查阅与之相连的节点)iwpriv：操作Wireless Extensions 特定驱动ifrename： 基于各种静态标准命名接口
大多数 Linux 发行版本都在其网络初始化脚本中集成Wireless Extension，以便启动时配置无线接口。
ifconfig
iwconfig是Linux Wireless Extensions(LWE)的用户层配置工具之一。LWE是Linux下对无线网络配置的工具，包括内核的支持、用户层配置工具和驱动接口的支持三部分
ifconfig用法：
wireless-tools中iwconfig的main函数，内容如下：
/******************************* MAIN ********************************//*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** The main !*/
int
main(int argc,char ** argv)
{int skfd; /* generic raw socket desc. */int goterr = 0;/* Create a channel to the NET kernel. */if((skfd = iw_sockets_open()) < 0){perror("socket");exit(-1);}/* No argument : show the list of all device + info */if(argc == 1)iw_enum_devices(skfd, &print_info, NULL, 0);else/* Special case for help... */if((!strcmp(argv[1], "-h")) || (!strcmp(argv[1], "--help")))iw_usage();else/* Special case for version... */if(!strcmp(argv[1], "-v") || !strcmp(argv[1], "--version"))goterr = iw_print_version_info("iwconfig");else{/* '--' escape device name */if((argc > 2) && !strcmp(argv[1], "--")){argv++;argc--;}/* The device name must be the first argument */if(argc == 2)print_info(skfd, argv[1], NULL, 0);else/* The other args on the line specify options to be set... */goterr = set_info(skfd, argv + 2, argc - 2, argv[1]);}/* Close the socket. */iw_sockets_close(skfd);return(goterr);
}iw_sockets_open 函数根据不同的协议创建对应的socket，以便和无线设备驱动进行交互。
iw_enum_devices函数，当输入的一个参入时，如果是网络接口，则输出网络接口状态信息。
print_info函数，获取参数信息传入后，打印出与参数对应的需求信息。
set_info 函数，设置参数输入后，进行ioctl操作，向无线设备驱动传参，并生效。
/*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Enumerate devices and call specified routine* The new way just use /proc/net/wireless, so get all wireless interfaces,* whether configured or not. This is the default if available.* The old way use SIOCGIFCONF, so get only configured interfaces (wireless* or not).*/
void
iw_enum_devices(int skfd,iw_enum_handler fn,char * args[],int count)
{char buff[1024];FILE * fh;struct ifconf ifc;struct ifreq *ifr;int i;#ifndef IW_RESTRIC_ENUM/* Check if /proc/net/dev is available */fh = fopen(PROC_NET_DEV, "r");
#else/* Check if /proc/net/wireless is available */fh = fopen(PROC_NET_WIRELESS, "r");
#endifif(fh != NULL){/* Success : use data from /proc/net/wireless *//* Eat 2 lines of header */fgets(buff, sizeof(buff), fh);fgets(buff, sizeof(buff), fh);/* Read each device line */while(fgets(buff, sizeof(buff), fh)){char name[IFNAMSIZ + 1];char *s;/* Skip empty or almost empty lines. It seems that in some* cases fgets return a line with only a newline. */if((buff[0] == '\0') || (buff[1] == '\0'))continue;/* Extract interface name */s = iw_get_ifname(name, sizeof(name), buff);if(!s){/* Failed to parse, complain and continue */
#ifndef IW_RESTRIC_ENUMfprintf(stderr, "Cannot parse " PROC_NET_DEV "\n");
#elsefprintf(stderr, "Cannot parse " PROC_NET_WIRELESS "\n");
#endif}else/* Got it, print info about this interface */(*fn)(skfd, name, args, count);}fclose(fh);}else{/* Get list of configured devices using "traditional" way */ifc.ifc_len = sizeof(buff);ifc.ifc_buf = buff;if(ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFCONF, &ifc) < 0){fprintf(stderr, "SIOCGIFCONF: %s\n", strerror(errno));return;}ifr = ifc.ifc_req;/* Print them */for(i = ifc.ifc_len / sizeof(struct ifreq); --i >= 0; ifr++)(*fn)(skfd, ifr->ifr_name, args, count);}
}其中iw_enum_handler是函数参数，传入了print_info函数：
/* Prototype for handling display of each single interface on the* system - see iw_enum_devices() */
typedef int (*iw_enum_handler)(int skfd,char * ifname,char * args[],int count);
iw_enum_devices中根据相应的情况，可能执行print_info来打印收集到的设备信息：
/*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Print on the screen in a neat fashion all the info we have collected* on a device.*/
static int
print_info(int skfd,char * ifname,char * args[],int count)
{struct wireless_info info;int rc;/* Avoid "Unused parameter" warning */args = args; count = count;rc = get_info(skfd, ifname, &info);switch(rc){case 0: /* Success *//* Display it ! */display_info(&info, ifname);break;case -ENOTSUP:fprintf(stderr, "%-8.16s no wireless extensions.\n\n",ifname);break;default:fprintf(stderr, "%-8.16s %s\n\n", ifname, strerror(-rc));}return(rc);
}get_info函数，可以从无线设备驱动中获取无线的配置参数和信息。
display_info函数，从get_info获取的无线配置参数和信息在display_info中进行选择输出。
其中wireless_info结构体定义如下
/* Structure for storing all wireless information for each device* This is pretty exhaustive... */
typedef struct wireless_info
{struct wireless_config b; /* Basic information */int has_sens;iwparam sens; /* sensitivity */int has_nickname;char nickname[IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE + 1]; /* NickName */int has_ap_addr;sockaddr ap_addr; /* Access point address */int has_bitrate;iwparam bitrate; /* Bit rate in bps */int has_rts;iwparam rts; /* RTS threshold in bytes */int has_frag;iwparam frag; /* Fragmentation threshold in bytes */int has_power;iwparam power; /* Power management parameters */int has_txpower;iwparam txpower; /* Transmit Power in dBm */int has_retry;iwparam retry; /* Retry limit or lifetime *//* Stats */iwstats stats;int has_stats;iwrange range;int has_range;/* Auth params for WPA/802.1x/802.11i */int auth_key_mgmt;int has_auth_key_mgmt;int auth_cipher_pairwise;int has_auth_cipher_pairwise;int auth_cipher_group;int has_auth_cipher_group;
} wireless_info;get_info函数的内容如下：
/************************* DISPLAY ROUTINES **************************//*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Get wireless informations & config from the device driver* We will call all the classical wireless ioctl on the driver through* the socket to know what is supported and to get the settings...*/
static int
get_info(int skfd,char * ifname,struct wireless_info * info)
{struct iwreq wrq;memset((char *) info, 0, sizeof(struct wireless_info));/* Get basic information */if(iw_get_basic_config(skfd, ifname, &(info->b)) < 0){/* If no wireless name : no wireless extensions *//* But let's check if the interface exists at all */struct ifreq ifr;strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname, IFNAMSIZ);if(ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0)return(-ENODEV);elsereturn(-ENOTSUP);}/* Get ranges */if(iw_get_range_info(skfd, ifname, &(info->range)) >= 0)info->has_range = 1;/* Get AP address */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWAP, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_ap_addr = 1;memcpy(&(info->ap_addr), &(wrq.u.ap_addr), sizeof (sockaddr));}/* Get bit rate */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWRATE, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_bitrate = 1;memcpy(&(info->bitrate), &(wrq.u.bitrate), sizeof(iwparam));}/* Get Power Management settings */wrq.u.power.flags = 0;if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWPOWER, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_power = 1;memcpy(&(info->power), &(wrq.u.power), sizeof(iwparam));}/* Get stats */if(iw_get_stats(skfd, ifname, &(info->stats),&info->range, info->has_range) >= 0){info->has_stats = 1;}#ifndef WE_ESSENTIAL/* Get NickName */wrq.u.essid.pointer = (caddr_t) info->nickname;wrq.u.essid.length = IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE + 1;wrq.u.essid.flags = 0;if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWNICKN, &wrq) >= 0)if(wrq.u.data.length > 1)info->has_nickname = 1;if((info->has_range) && (info->range.we_version_compiled > 9)){/* Get Transmit Power */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWTXPOW, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_txpower = 1;memcpy(&(info->txpower), &(wrq.u.txpower), sizeof(iwparam));}}/* Get sensitivity */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWSENS, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_sens = 1;memcpy(&(info->sens), &(wrq.u.sens), sizeof(iwparam));}if((info->has_range) && (info->range.we_version_compiled > 10)){/* Get retry limit/lifetime */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWRETRY, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_retry = 1;memcpy(&(info->retry), &(wrq.u.retry), sizeof(iwparam));}}/* Get RTS threshold */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWRTS, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_rts = 1;memcpy(&(info->rts), &(wrq.u.rts), sizeof(iwparam));}/* Get fragmentation threshold */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWFRAG, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_frag = 1;memcpy(&(info->frag), &(wrq.u.frag), sizeof(iwparam));}
#endif /* WE_ESSENTIAL */return(0);
}可以看到通过iw_get_ext进行ioctl操作，并将获取的无线信息放入结构体iwreq，该结构体定义如下：
/** The structure to exchange data for ioctl.* This structure is the same as 'struct ifreq', but (re)defined for* convenience...* Do I need to remind you about structure size (32 octets) ?*/
struct iwreq
{union{char ifrn_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "eth0" */} ifr_ifrn;/* Data part (defined just above) */union iwreq_data u;
};
iwconfig的无线设置，通过set_info函数来实现，该函数内容如下：
/*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Set the wireless options requested on command line* Find the individual commands and call the appropriate subroutine*/
static int
set_info(int skfd, /* The socket */char * args[], /* Command line args */int count, /* Args count */char * ifname) /* Dev name */
{const iwconfig_cmd * iwcmd;int ret;/* Loop until we run out of args... */while(count > 0){/* find the command matching the keyword */iwcmd = find_command(args[0]);if(iwcmd == NULL){/* Here we have an unrecognised arg... Error already printed out. */return(-1);}/* One arg is consumed (the command name) */args++;count--;/* Check arg numbers */if(count < iwcmd->min_count)ret = IWERR_ARG_NUM;elseret = 0;/* Call the command */if(!ret)ret = (*iwcmd->fn)(skfd, ifname, args, count);/* Deal with various errors */if(ret < 0){int request = iwcmd->request;if(ret == IWERR_GET_EXT)request++; /* Transform the SET into GET */fprintf(stderr, "Error for wireless request \"%s\" (%X) :\n",iwcmd->name, request);switch(ret){case IWERR_ARG_NUM:fprintf(stderr, " too few arguments.\n");break;case IWERR_ARG_TYPE:if(errarg < 0)errarg = 0;if(errarg >= count)errarg = count - 1;fprintf(stderr, " invalid argument \"%s\".\n", args[errarg]);break;case IWERR_ARG_SIZE:fprintf(stderr, " argument too big (max %d)\n", errmax);break;case IWERR_ARG_CONFLICT:if(errarg < 0)errarg = 0;if(errarg >= count)errarg = count - 1;fprintf(stderr, " conflicting argument \"%s\".\n", args[errarg]);break;case IWERR_SET_EXT:fprintf(stderr, " SET failed on device %-1.16s ; %s.\n",ifname, strerror(errno));break;case IWERR_GET_EXT:fprintf(stderr, " GET failed on device %-1.16s ; %s.\n",ifname, strerror(errno));break;}/* Stop processing, we don't know if we are in a consistent state* in reading the command line */return(ret);}/* Substract consumed args from command line */args += ret;count -= ret;/* Loop back */}/* Done, all done */return(0);
}iwconfig_cmd结构体定义了一个数组，用来存放了无线设置项的固定参数名，以及参数类型，和设置调用函数。
find_command函数通过对比已存的iwconfig_cmd结构体数组，来匹配需要设置的无线参数。
iwconfig_cmd定义的数组如下：
static const struct iwconfig_entry iwconfig_cmds[] = {{ "essid", set_essid_info, 1, SIOCSIWESSID,"Set ESSID", "{NNN|any|on|off}" },{ "mode", set_mode_info, 1, SIOCSIWMODE,"Set Mode", "{managed|ad-hoc|master|...}" },{ "freq", set_freq_info, 1, SIOCSIWFREQ,"Set Frequency", "N.NNN[k|M|G]" },{ "channel", set_freq_info, 1, SIOCSIWFREQ,"Set Frequency", "N" },{ "bit", set_bitrate_info, 1, SIOCSIWRATE,"Set Bit Rate", "{N[k|M|G]|auto|fixed}" },{ "rate", set_bitrate_info, 1, SIOCSIWRATE,"Set Bit Rate", "{N[k|M|G]|auto|fixed}" },{ "enc", set_enc_info, 1, SIOCSIWENCODE,"Set Encode", "{NNNN-NNNN|off}" },{ "key", set_enc_info, 1, SIOCSIWENCODE,"Set Encode", "{NNNN-NNNN|off}" },{ "power", set_power_info, 1, SIOCSIWPOWER,"Set Power Management", "{period N|timeout N|saving N|off}" },
#ifndef WE_ESSENTIAL{ "nickname", set_nick_info, 1, SIOCSIWNICKN,"Set Nickname", "NNN" },{ "nwid", set_nwid_info, 1, SIOCSIWNWID,"Set NWID", "{NN|on|off}" },{ "ap", set_apaddr_info, 1, SIOCSIWAP,"Set AP Address", "{N|off|auto}" },{ "txpower", set_txpower_info, 1, SIOCSIWTXPOW,"Set Tx Power", "{NmW|NdBm|off|auto}" },{ "sens", set_sens_info, 1, SIOCSIWSENS,"Set Sensitivity", "N" },{ "retry", set_retry_info, 1, SIOCSIWRETRY,"Set Retry Limit", "{limit N|lifetime N}" },{ "rts", set_rts_info, 1, SIOCSIWRTS,"Set RTS Threshold", "{N|auto|fixed|off}" },{ "frag", set_frag_info, 1, SIOCSIWFRAG,"Set Fragmentation Threshold", "{N|auto|fixed|off}" },{ "modulation", set_modulation_info, 1, SIOCGIWMODUL,"Set Modulation", "{11g|11a|CCK|OFDMg|...}" },
#endif /* WE_ESSENTIAL */{ "commit", set_commit_info, 0, SIOCSIWCOMMIT,"Commit changes", "" },{ NULL, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL },
};以设置ESSID为例，最后调用了set_essid_info函数，并导入了参数SIOCSIWESSID，内容如下：
/*********************** SETTING SUB-ROUTINES ***********************/
/** The following functions are use to set some wireless parameters and* are called by the set dispatcher set_info().* They take as arguments the remaining of the command line, with* arguments processed already removed.* An error is indicated by a negative return value.* 0 and positive return values indicate the number of args consumed.*//*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Set ESSID*/
static int
set_essid_info(int skfd,char * ifname,char * args[], /* Command line args */int count) /* Args count */
{struct iwreq wrq;int i = 1;char essid[IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE + 1];int we_kernel_version;if((!strcasecmp(args[0], "off")) ||(!strcasecmp(args[0], "any"))){wrq.u.essid.flags = 0;essid[0] = '\0';}elseif(!strcasecmp(args[0], "on")){/* Get old essid */memset(essid, '\0', sizeof(essid));wrq.u.essid.pointer = (caddr_t) essid;wrq.u.essid.length = IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE + 1;wrq.u.essid.flags = 0;if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWESSID, &wrq) < 0)
return(IWERR_GET_EXT);wrq.u.essid.flags = 1;}else{i = 0;/* '-' or '--' allow to escape the ESSID string, allowing* to set it to the string "any" or "off".* This is a big ugly, but it will do for now */if((!strcmp(args[0], "-")) || (!strcmp(args[0], "--"))){if(++i >= count)
return(IWERR_ARG_NUM);}/* Check the size of what the user passed us to avoid* buffer overflows */if(strlen(args[i]) > IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE){errmax = IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE;
return(IWERR_ARG_SIZE);}else{int temp;wrq.u.essid.flags = 1;strcpy(essid, args[i]); /* Size checked, all clear */i++;/* Check for ESSID index */if((i < count) &&(sscanf(args[i], "[%i]", &temp) == 1) &&(temp > 0) && (temp < IW_ENCODE_INDEX)){wrq.u.essid.flags = temp;++i;}}}/* Get version from kernel, device may not have range... */we_kernel_version = iw_get_kernel_we_version();/* Finally set the ESSID value */wrq.u.essid.pointer = (caddr_t) essid;wrq.u.essid.length = strlen(essid);if(we_kernel_version < 21)wrq.u.essid.length++;if(iw_set_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCSIWESSID, &wrq) < 0)
return(IWERR_SET_EXT);/* Var args */
return(i);
}可以看到最后调用iw_set_ext函数，通过iwreq结构，实现对无线设备驱动的ioctl操作。
iwreq结构体中的成员u，是联合体iwreq_data，存放了获取和设置的参数，定义如下：
/* ------------------------ IOCTL REQUEST ------------------------ */
/** This structure defines the payload of an ioctl, and is used * below.** Note that this structure should fit on the memory footprint* of iwreq (which is the same as ifreq), which mean a max size of* 16 octets = 128 bits. Warning, pointers might be 64 bits wide...* You should check this when increasing the structures defined* above in this file...*/
union iwreq_data
{/* Config - generic */char name[IFNAMSIZ];/* Name : used to verify the presence of wireless extensions.* Name of the protocol/provider... */struct iw_point essid; /* Extended network name */struct iw_param nwid; /* network id (or domain - the cell) */struct iw_freq freq; /* frequency or channel :* 0-1000 = channel* > 1000 = frequency in Hz */struct iw_param sens; /* signal level threshold */struct iw_param bitrate; /* default bit rate */struct iw_param txpower; /* default transmit power */struct iw_param rts; /* RTS threshold threshold */struct iw_param frag; /* Fragmentation threshold */__u32 mode; /* Operation mode */struct iw_param retry; /* Retry limits & lifetime */struct iw_point encoding; /* Encoding stuff : tokens */struct iw_param power; /* PM duration/timeout */struct iw_quality qual; /* Quality part of statistics */struct sockaddr ap_addr; /* Access point address */struct sockaddr addr; /* Destination address (hw/mac) */struct iw_param param; /* Other small parameters */struct iw_point data; /* Other large parameters */
};联合体iwreq_data中，结构体iw_point用来存放16位的参数信息，结构体iw_quality用来存放连接质量信息，其他信息使用结构体iw_param。
wireless
Wireless Tools包含了一下工具：
iwconfig：设置基本无线参数iwlist：扫描、列出频率，比特率，密钥等iwspy：获取每个节点链接的质量(只能查阅与之相连的节点)iwpriv：操作Wireless Extensions 特定驱动ifrename： 基于各种静态标准命名接口
大多数 Linux 发行版本都在其网络初始化脚本中集成Wireless Extension，以便启动时配置无线接口。
ifconfig
iwconfig是Linux Wireless Extensions(LWE)的用户层配置工具之一。LWE是Linux下对无线网络配置的工具，包括内核的支持、用户层配置工具和驱动接口的支持三部分
ifconfig用法：
wireless-tools中iwconfig的main函数，内容如下：
/******************************* MAIN ********************************//*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** The main !*/
int
main(int argc,char ** argv)
{int skfd; /* generic raw socket desc. */int goterr = 0;/* Create a channel to the NET kernel. */if((skfd = iw_sockets_open()) < 0){perror("socket");exit(-1);}/* No argument : show the list of all device + info */if(argc == 1)iw_enum_devices(skfd, &print_info, NULL, 0);else/* Special case for help... */if((!strcmp(argv[1], "-h")) || (!strcmp(argv[1], "--help")))iw_usage();else/* Special case for version... */if(!strcmp(argv[1], "-v") || !strcmp(argv[1], "--version"))goterr = iw_print_version_info("iwconfig");else{/* '--' escape device name */if((argc > 2) && !strcmp(argv[1], "--")){argv++;argc--;}/* The device name must be the first argument */if(argc == 2)print_info(skfd, argv[1], NULL, 0);else/* The other args on the line specify options to be set... */goterr = set_info(skfd, argv + 2, argc - 2, argv[1]);}/* Close the socket. */iw_sockets_close(skfd);return(goterr);
}iw_sockets_open 函数根据不同的协议创建对应的socket，以便和无线设备驱动进行交互。
iw_enum_devices函数，当输入的一个参入时，如果是网络接口，则输出网络接口状态信息。
print_info函数，获取参数信息传入后，打印出与参数对应的需求信息。
set_info 函数，设置参数输入后，进行ioctl操作，向无线设备驱动传参，并生效。
/*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Enumerate devices and call specified routine* The new way just use /proc/net/wireless, so get all wireless interfaces,* whether configured or not. This is the default if available.* The old way use SIOCGIFCONF, so get only configured interfaces (wireless* or not).*/
void
iw_enum_devices(int skfd,iw_enum_handler fn,char * args[],int count)
{char buff[1024];FILE * fh;struct ifconf ifc;struct ifreq *ifr;int i;#ifndef IW_RESTRIC_ENUM/* Check if /proc/net/dev is available */fh = fopen(PROC_NET_DEV, "r");
#else/* Check if /proc/net/wireless is available */fh = fopen(PROC_NET_WIRELESS, "r");
#endifif(fh != NULL){/* Success : use data from /proc/net/wireless *//* Eat 2 lines of header */fgets(buff, sizeof(buff), fh);fgets(buff, sizeof(buff), fh);/* Read each device line */while(fgets(buff, sizeof(buff), fh)){char name[IFNAMSIZ + 1];char *s;/* Skip empty or almost empty lines. It seems that in some* cases fgets return a line with only a newline. */if((buff[0] == '\0') || (buff[1] == '\0'))continue;/* Extract interface name */s = iw_get_ifname(name, sizeof(name), buff);if(!s){/* Failed to parse, complain and continue */
#ifndef IW_RESTRIC_ENUMfprintf(stderr, "Cannot parse " PROC_NET_DEV "\n");
#elsefprintf(stderr, "Cannot parse " PROC_NET_WIRELESS "\n");
#endif}else/* Got it, print info about this interface */(*fn)(skfd, name, args, count);}fclose(fh);}else{/* Get list of configured devices using "traditional" way */ifc.ifc_len = sizeof(buff);ifc.ifc_buf = buff;if(ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFCONF, &ifc) < 0){fprintf(stderr, "SIOCGIFCONF: %s\n", strerror(errno));return;}ifr = ifc.ifc_req;/* Print them */for(i = ifc.ifc_len / sizeof(struct ifreq); --i >= 0; ifr++)(*fn)(skfd, ifr->ifr_name, args, count);}
}其中iw_enum_handler是函数参数，传入了print_info函数：
/* Prototype for handling display of each single interface on the* system - see iw_enum_devices() */
typedef int (*iw_enum_handler)(int skfd,char * ifname,char * args[],int count);
iw_enum_devices中根据相应的情况，可能执行print_info来打印收集到的设备信息：
/*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Print on the screen in a neat fashion all the info we have collected* on a device.*/
static int
print_info(int skfd,char * ifname,char * args[],int count)
{struct wireless_info info;int rc;/* Avoid "Unused parameter" warning */args = args; count = count;rc = get_info(skfd, ifname, &info);switch(rc){case 0: /* Success *//* Display it ! */display_info(&info, ifname);break;case -ENOTSUP:fprintf(stderr, "%-8.16s no wireless extensions.\n\n",ifname);break;default:fprintf(stderr, "%-8.16s %s\n\n", ifname, strerror(-rc));}return(rc);
}get_info函数，可以从无线设备驱动中获取无线的配置参数和信息。
display_info函数，从get_info获取的无线配置参数和信息在display_info中进行选择输出。
其中wireless_info结构体定义如下
/* Structure for storing all wireless information for each device* This is pretty exhaustive... */
typedef struct wireless_info
{struct wireless_config b; /* Basic information */int has_sens;iwparam sens; /* sensitivity */int has_nickname;char nickname[IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE + 1]; /* NickName */int has_ap_addr;sockaddr ap_addr; /* Access point address */int has_bitrate;iwparam bitrate; /* Bit rate in bps */int has_rts;iwparam rts; /* RTS threshold in bytes */int has_frag;iwparam frag; /* Fragmentation threshold in bytes */int has_power;iwparam power; /* Power management parameters */int has_txpower;iwparam txpower; /* Transmit Power in dBm */int has_retry;iwparam retry; /* Retry limit or lifetime *//* Stats */iwstats stats;int has_stats;iwrange range;int has_range;/* Auth params for WPA/802.1x/802.11i */int auth_key_mgmt;int has_auth_key_mgmt;int auth_cipher_pairwise;int has_auth_cipher_pairwise;int auth_cipher_group;int has_auth_cipher_group;
} wireless_info;get_info函数的内容如下：
/************************* DISPLAY ROUTINES **************************//*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Get wireless informations & config from the device driver* We will call all the classical wireless ioctl on the driver through* the socket to know what is supported and to get the settings...*/
static int
get_info(int skfd,char * ifname,struct wireless_info * info)
{struct iwreq wrq;memset((char *) info, 0, sizeof(struct wireless_info));/* Get basic information */if(iw_get_basic_config(skfd, ifname, &(info->b)) < 0){/* If no wireless name : no wireless extensions *//* But let's check if the interface exists at all */struct ifreq ifr;strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifname, IFNAMSIZ);if(ioctl(skfd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0)return(-ENODEV);elsereturn(-ENOTSUP);}/* Get ranges */if(iw_get_range_info(skfd, ifname, &(info->range)) >= 0)info->has_range = 1;/* Get AP address */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWAP, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_ap_addr = 1;memcpy(&(info->ap_addr), &(wrq.u.ap_addr), sizeof (sockaddr));}/* Get bit rate */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWRATE, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_bitrate = 1;memcpy(&(info->bitrate), &(wrq.u.bitrate), sizeof(iwparam));}/* Get Power Management settings */wrq.u.power.flags = 0;if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWPOWER, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_power = 1;memcpy(&(info->power), &(wrq.u.power), sizeof(iwparam));}/* Get stats */if(iw_get_stats(skfd, ifname, &(info->stats),&info->range, info->has_range) >= 0){info->has_stats = 1;}#ifndef WE_ESSENTIAL/* Get NickName */wrq.u.essid.pointer = (caddr_t) info->nickname;wrq.u.essid.length = IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE + 1;wrq.u.essid.flags = 0;if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWNICKN, &wrq) >= 0)if(wrq.u.data.length > 1)info->has_nickname = 1;if((info->has_range) && (info->range.we_version_compiled > 9)){/* Get Transmit Power */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWTXPOW, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_txpower = 1;memcpy(&(info->txpower), &(wrq.u.txpower), sizeof(iwparam));}}/* Get sensitivity */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWSENS, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_sens = 1;memcpy(&(info->sens), &(wrq.u.sens), sizeof(iwparam));}if((info->has_range) && (info->range.we_version_compiled > 10)){/* Get retry limit/lifetime */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWRETRY, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_retry = 1;memcpy(&(info->retry), &(wrq.u.retry), sizeof(iwparam));}}/* Get RTS threshold */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWRTS, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_rts = 1;memcpy(&(info->rts), &(wrq.u.rts), sizeof(iwparam));}/* Get fragmentation threshold */if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWFRAG, &wrq) >= 0){info->has_frag = 1;memcpy(&(info->frag), &(wrq.u.frag), sizeof(iwparam));}
#endif /* WE_ESSENTIAL */return(0);
}可以看到通过iw_get_ext进行ioctl操作，并将获取的无线信息放入结构体iwreq，该结构体定义如下：
/** The structure to exchange data for ioctl.* This structure is the same as 'struct ifreq', but (re)defined for* convenience...* Do I need to remind you about structure size (32 octets) ?*/
struct iwreq
{union{char ifrn_name[IFNAMSIZ]; /* if name, e.g. "eth0" */} ifr_ifrn;/* Data part (defined just above) */union iwreq_data u;
};
iwconfig的无线设置，通过set_info函数来实现，该函数内容如下：
/*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Set the wireless options requested on command line* Find the individual commands and call the appropriate subroutine*/
static int
set_info(int skfd, /* The socket */char * args[], /* Command line args */int count, /* Args count */char * ifname) /* Dev name */
{const iwconfig_cmd * iwcmd;int ret;/* Loop until we run out of args... */while(count > 0){/* find the command matching the keyword */iwcmd = find_command(args[0]);if(iwcmd == NULL){/* Here we have an unrecognised arg... Error already printed out. */return(-1);}/* One arg is consumed (the command name) */args++;count--;/* Check arg numbers */if(count < iwcmd->min_count)ret = IWERR_ARG_NUM;elseret = 0;/* Call the command */if(!ret)ret = (*iwcmd->fn)(skfd, ifname, args, count);/* Deal with various errors */if(ret < 0){int request = iwcmd->request;if(ret == IWERR_GET_EXT)request++; /* Transform the SET into GET */fprintf(stderr, "Error for wireless request \"%s\" (%X) :\n",iwcmd->name, request);switch(ret){case IWERR_ARG_NUM:fprintf(stderr, " too few arguments.\n");break;case IWERR_ARG_TYPE:if(errarg < 0)errarg = 0;if(errarg >= count)errarg = count - 1;fprintf(stderr, " invalid argument \"%s\".\n", args[errarg]);break;case IWERR_ARG_SIZE:fprintf(stderr, " argument too big (max %d)\n", errmax);break;case IWERR_ARG_CONFLICT:if(errarg < 0)errarg = 0;if(errarg >= count)errarg = count - 1;fprintf(stderr, " conflicting argument \"%s\".\n", args[errarg]);break;case IWERR_SET_EXT:fprintf(stderr, " SET failed on device %-1.16s ; %s.\n",ifname, strerror(errno));break;case IWERR_GET_EXT:fprintf(stderr, " GET failed on device %-1.16s ; %s.\n",ifname, strerror(errno));break;}/* Stop processing, we don't know if we are in a consistent state* in reading the command line */return(ret);}/* Substract consumed args from command line */args += ret;count -= ret;/* Loop back */}/* Done, all done */return(0);
}iwconfig_cmd结构体定义了一个数组，用来存放了无线设置项的固定参数名，以及参数类型，和设置调用函数。
find_command函数通过对比已存的iwconfig_cmd结构体数组，来匹配需要设置的无线参数。
iwconfig_cmd定义的数组如下：
static const struct iwconfig_entry iwconfig_cmds[] = {{ "essid", set_essid_info, 1, SIOCSIWESSID,"Set ESSID", "{NNN|any|on|off}" },{ "mode", set_mode_info, 1, SIOCSIWMODE,"Set Mode", "{managed|ad-hoc|master|...}" },{ "freq", set_freq_info, 1, SIOCSIWFREQ,"Set Frequency", "N.NNN[k|M|G]" },{ "channel", set_freq_info, 1, SIOCSIWFREQ,"Set Frequency", "N" },{ "bit", set_bitrate_info, 1, SIOCSIWRATE,"Set Bit Rate", "{N[k|M|G]|auto|fixed}" },{ "rate", set_bitrate_info, 1, SIOCSIWRATE,"Set Bit Rate", "{N[k|M|G]|auto|fixed}" },{ "enc", set_enc_info, 1, SIOCSIWENCODE,"Set Encode", "{NNNN-NNNN|off}" },{ "key", set_enc_info, 1, SIOCSIWENCODE,"Set Encode", "{NNNN-NNNN|off}" },{ "power", set_power_info, 1, SIOCSIWPOWER,"Set Power Management", "{period N|timeout N|saving N|off}" },
#ifndef WE_ESSENTIAL{ "nickname", set_nick_info, 1, SIOCSIWNICKN,"Set Nickname", "NNN" },{ "nwid", set_nwid_info, 1, SIOCSIWNWID,"Set NWID", "{NN|on|off}" },{ "ap", set_apaddr_info, 1, SIOCSIWAP,"Set AP Address", "{N|off|auto}" },{ "txpower", set_txpower_info, 1, SIOCSIWTXPOW,"Set Tx Power", "{NmW|NdBm|off|auto}" },{ "sens", set_sens_info, 1, SIOCSIWSENS,"Set Sensitivity", "N" },{ "retry", set_retry_info, 1, SIOCSIWRETRY,"Set Retry Limit", "{limit N|lifetime N}" },{ "rts", set_rts_info, 1, SIOCSIWRTS,"Set RTS Threshold", "{N|auto|fixed|off}" },{ "frag", set_frag_info, 1, SIOCSIWFRAG,"Set Fragmentation Threshold", "{N|auto|fixed|off}" },{ "modulation", set_modulation_info, 1, SIOCGIWMODUL,"Set Modulation", "{11g|11a|CCK|OFDMg|...}" },
#endif /* WE_ESSENTIAL */{ "commit", set_commit_info, 0, SIOCSIWCOMMIT,"Commit changes", "" },{ NULL, NULL, 0, 0, NULL, NULL },
};以设置ESSID为例，最后调用了set_essid_info函数，并导入了参数SIOCSIWESSID，内容如下：
/*********************** SETTING SUB-ROUTINES ***********************/
/** The following functions are use to set some wireless parameters and* are called by the set dispatcher set_info().* They take as arguments the remaining of the command line, with* arguments processed already removed.* An error is indicated by a negative return value.* 0 and positive return values indicate the number of args consumed.*//*------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/** Set ESSID*/
static int
set_essid_info(int skfd,char * ifname,char * args[], /* Command line args */int count) /* Args count */
{struct iwreq wrq;int i = 1;char essid[IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE + 1];int we_kernel_version;if((!strcasecmp(args[0], "off")) ||(!strcasecmp(args[0], "any"))){wrq.u.essid.flags = 0;essid[0] = '\0';}elseif(!strcasecmp(args[0], "on")){/* Get old essid */memset(essid, '\0', sizeof(essid));wrq.u.essid.pointer = (caddr_t) essid;wrq.u.essid.length = IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE + 1;wrq.u.essid.flags = 0;if(iw_get_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCGIWESSID, &wrq) < 0)
return(IWERR_GET_EXT);wrq.u.essid.flags = 1;}else{i = 0;/* '-' or '--' allow to escape the ESSID string, allowing* to set it to the string "any" or "off".* This is a big ugly, but it will do for now */if((!strcmp(args[0], "-")) || (!strcmp(args[0], "--"))){if(++i >= count)
return(IWERR_ARG_NUM);}/* Check the size of what the user passed us to avoid* buffer overflows */if(strlen(args[i]) > IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE){errmax = IW_ESSID_MAX_SIZE;
return(IWERR_ARG_SIZE);}else{int temp;wrq.u.essid.flags = 1;strcpy(essid, args[i]); /* Size checked, all clear */i++;/* Check for ESSID index */if((i < count) &&(sscanf(args[i], "[%i]", &temp) == 1) &&(temp > 0) && (temp < IW_ENCODE_INDEX)){wrq.u.essid.flags = temp;++i;}}}/* Get version from kernel, device may not have range... */we_kernel_version = iw_get_kernel_we_version();/* Finally set the ESSID value */wrq.u.essid.pointer = (caddr_t) essid;wrq.u.essid.length = strlen(essid);if(we_kernel_version < 21)wrq.u.essid.length++;if(iw_set_ext(skfd, ifname, SIOCSIWESSID, &wrq) < 0)
return(IWERR_SET_EXT);/* Var args */
return(i);
}可以看到最后调用iw_set_ext函数，通过iwreq结构，实现对无线设备驱动的ioctl操作。
iwreq结构体中的成员u，是联合体iwreq_data，存放了获取和设置的参数，定义如下：
/* ------------------------ IOCTL REQUEST ------------------------ */
/** This structure defines the payload of an ioctl, and is used * below.** Note that this structure should fit on the memory footprint* of iwreq (which is the same as ifreq), which mean a max size of* 16 octets = 128 bits. Warning, pointers might be 64 bits wide...* You should check this when increasing the structures defined* above in this file...*/
union iwreq_data
{/* Config - generic */char name[IFNAMSIZ];/* Name : used to verify the presence of wireless extensions.* Name of the protocol/provider... */struct iw_point essid; /* Extended network name */struct iw_param nwid; /* network id (or domain - the cell) */struct iw_freq freq; /* frequency or channel :* 0-1000 = channel* > 1000 = frequency in Hz */struct iw_param sens; /* signal level threshold */struct iw_param bitrate; /* default bit rate */struct iw_param txpower; /* default transmit power */struct iw_param rts; /* RTS threshold threshold */struct iw_param frag; /* Fragmentation threshold */__u32 mode; /* Operation mode */struct iw_param retry; /* Retry limits & lifetime */struct iw_point encoding; /* Encoding stuff : tokens */struct iw_param power; /* PM duration/timeout */struct iw_quality qual; /* Quality part of statistics */struct sockaddr ap_addr; /* Access point address */struct sockaddr addr; /* Destination address (hw/mac) */struct iw_param param; /* Other small parameters */struct iw_point data; /* Other large parameters */
};联合体iwreq_data中，结构体iw_point用来存放16位的参数信息，结构体iw_quality用来存放连接质量信息，其他信息使用结构体iw_param。