2024年3月11日发(作者：邰旭炎)
FPSO：Floating Production, Storage and Offloading. Typically a tanker type hull or barge with
wellheads on a turret that the ship can rotate freely around (to point into wind, waves or current).
The turret has wire rope and chain connections to several anchors (position mooring-POSMOR),
or it can be dynamically positioned using thrusters (dynamic positioning-DYNPOS). Water depths
200 to 200 meters, Common with subsea wells. The main process is placed on the deck, while the
hull is used for storage and offloading to a shuttle tanker. May also be used with pipeline
transport.
TLP: A Tension Leg Platform consists of a structure held in place by vertical tendons connected to
the sea floor by pile-secured templates. The structure is held in a fixed position by tensioned
tendons, which provide for use of the TLP in a broad water depth rang up to about 2000m. Limited
vertical motion. The tendons are constructed as hollow high tensile strength steel pipes that carry
the spare buoyancy of the structure and ensure limited vertical motion. A variant is Seastar
platforms which are miniature floating tension leg platforms, much like the semi submersible type,
with tensioned tendons.
SPAR: The SPAR consists of a single tall floating cylinder hull, supporting a fixed deck. The
cylinder however does not extend all the way to the seafloor, but instead is tethered to the bottom
by a series of cables and lines. The large cylinder serves to stabilize the platform in the water, and
allows for movement to absorb the force of potential hurricanes. Spars can be quite large and are
used for water depths from 300 and up to 3000 meters. SPAR is not an acronym, but refers to its
likeness with a ship’s spar. Spars can support dry completion wells, but is more often used with
subsea wells.
To get the last of the water out of the oil, the oil is processed through an oil treater or a treating
system. A treater is similar to a separator, but with special features to help separate the water
from the oil. Treaters or treating systems usually provide heat to reduce oil viscosity and large
settling sections to allow the water time to settle from the oil, and may provide an electrostatic
grid to promote coalescing of the water droplets. Conventional treaters usually have a front section
with a heater in which the emulsion is heated and initial separation of the “free water” takes place.
The oil then flows to a second section of the vessel, where additional coalescence and settling of
the water droplets takes place. Gas is flashed (i.e. liberated) from the emulsion as the pressure is
lowered and the temperature is raised from the upstream separator. For a conventional treater with
a heater, free-water knockout section, and settling section, the water content in the oil can be
reduced to less than 1%. An electrostatic treater, which is a conventional treater with an
electrostatic grid in the settling section, can reduce the water content to 0.3 to 0.5%by volume.
The rotating part of the compressor consists of all the impellers. It runs on two radial bearings (on
all modern compressors, there are hydrodynamic tilt pad bearings), while the axial thrust
generated by the impellers is balanced by a balance piston, and resulting force is balanced by a
hydrodynamic tilt pad thrust bearing. To keep the gas from escaping at the shaft ends, dry gas
seals are used. The entire assembly is contained in a casing (usually barrel type).
The different working principles cause differences in the operating characteristics of the
centrifugal compressors compared to those the reciprocating unit. Centrifugal compressors are
used in a wide variety of applications in chemical plants, refineries, onshore and offshore gas lift
and gas injection application, gas gathering, and in the transmission of natural gas. Centrifugal
compressors can be used for outlet pressures as high as 10000 psia， thus overlapping with
reciprocating compressors over a portion of the flow rate/pressure domain. Centrifugal
compressors are usually either turbine or electric motor driven. Typical operating speeds for
centrifugal compressors in gas transmission applications are about 14000 rpm for 5000-hp units
8000 rpm for 20000-hp units.
The task of gas compression is to bring gas from a certain suction pressure to a higher discharge
pressure by means of mechanical work. The actual compression process is often compared to one
of three ideal processes: isothermal, isentropic, and polytrophic compression.
Mercaptans are compounds that occur naturally in sour gas. They are hydrocarbon compounds that
have a sulfur atom inserted between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. Methyl, ethyl, propyl,
and butyl merchantman are some examples. Mercaptans have a strong offensive odor, and certain
mixtures of manufactured mercaptan, such as tertiary butyl mercaptan and isopropy mercaptan, as
well as others, are added to sweet natural gas to odorize the gas prior to domestic or commercial
consumption.
Most of the regenerative chemical sweetening solvents are alkanolamines, which are compounds
formed by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms of the ammonia molecule with radicals of
other compounds to form primary, secondary, or tertiary amines respectively. Amines are weak
organic bases that have been used for many years in gas treating to remove CO2 and H2S from
2024年3月11日发(作者：邰旭炎)
FPSO：Floating Production, Storage and Offloading. Typically a tanker type hull or barge with
wellheads on a turret that the ship can rotate freely around (to point into wind, waves or current).
The turret has wire rope and chain connections to several anchors (position mooring-POSMOR),
or it can be dynamically positioned using thrusters (dynamic positioning-DYNPOS). Water depths
200 to 200 meters, Common with subsea wells. The main process is placed on the deck, while the
hull is used for storage and offloading to a shuttle tanker. May also be used with pipeline
transport.
TLP: A Tension Leg Platform consists of a structure held in place by vertical tendons connected to
the sea floor by pile-secured templates. The structure is held in a fixed position by tensioned
tendons, which provide for use of the TLP in a broad water depth rang up to about 2000m. Limited
vertical motion. The tendons are constructed as hollow high tensile strength steel pipes that carry
the spare buoyancy of the structure and ensure limited vertical motion. A variant is Seastar
platforms which are miniature floating tension leg platforms, much like the semi submersible type,
with tensioned tendons.
SPAR: The SPAR consists of a single tall floating cylinder hull, supporting a fixed deck. The
cylinder however does not extend all the way to the seafloor, but instead is tethered to the bottom
by a series of cables and lines. The large cylinder serves to stabilize the platform in the water, and
allows for movement to absorb the force of potential hurricanes. Spars can be quite large and are
used for water depths from 300 and up to 3000 meters. SPAR is not an acronym, but refers to its
likeness with a ship’s spar. Spars can support dry completion wells, but is more often used with
subsea wells.
To get the last of the water out of the oil, the oil is processed through an oil treater or a treating
system. A treater is similar to a separator, but with special features to help separate the water
from the oil. Treaters or treating systems usually provide heat to reduce oil viscosity and large
settling sections to allow the water time to settle from the oil, and may provide an electrostatic
grid to promote coalescing of the water droplets. Conventional treaters usually have a front section
with a heater in which the emulsion is heated and initial separation of the “free water” takes place.
The oil then flows to a second section of the vessel, where additional coalescence and settling of
the water droplets takes place. Gas is flashed (i.e. liberated) from the emulsion as the pressure is
lowered and the temperature is raised from the upstream separator. For a conventional treater with
a heater, free-water knockout section, and settling section, the water content in the oil can be
reduced to less than 1%. An electrostatic treater, which is a conventional treater with an
electrostatic grid in the settling section, can reduce the water content to 0.3 to 0.5%by volume.
The rotating part of the compressor consists of all the impellers. It runs on two radial bearings (on
all modern compressors, there are hydrodynamic tilt pad bearings), while the axial thrust
generated by the impellers is balanced by a balance piston, and resulting force is balanced by a
hydrodynamic tilt pad thrust bearing. To keep the gas from escaping at the shaft ends, dry gas
seals are used. The entire assembly is contained in a casing (usually barrel type).
The different working principles cause differences in the operating characteristics of the
centrifugal compressors compared to those the reciprocating unit. Centrifugal compressors are
used in a wide variety of applications in chemical plants, refineries, onshore and offshore gas lift
and gas injection application, gas gathering, and in the transmission of natural gas. Centrifugal
compressors can be used for outlet pressures as high as 10000 psia， thus overlapping with
reciprocating compressors over a portion of the flow rate/pressure domain. Centrifugal
compressors are usually either turbine or electric motor driven. Typical operating speeds for
centrifugal compressors in gas transmission applications are about 14000 rpm for 5000-hp units
8000 rpm for 20000-hp units.
The task of gas compression is to bring gas from a certain suction pressure to a higher discharge
pressure by means of mechanical work. The actual compression process is often compared to one
of three ideal processes: isothermal, isentropic, and polytrophic compression.
Mercaptans are compounds that occur naturally in sour gas. They are hydrocarbon compounds that
have a sulfur atom inserted between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. Methyl, ethyl, propyl,
and butyl merchantman are some examples. Mercaptans have a strong offensive odor, and certain
mixtures of manufactured mercaptan, such as tertiary butyl mercaptan and isopropy mercaptan, as
well as others, are added to sweet natural gas to odorize the gas prior to domestic or commercial
consumption.
Most of the regenerative chemical sweetening solvents are alkanolamines, which are compounds
formed by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms of the ammonia molecule with radicals of
other compounds to form primary, secondary, or tertiary amines respectively. Amines are weak
organic bases that have been used for many years in gas treating to remove CO2 and H2S from