2024年3月14日发(作者：僧天元)
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析
--2000
年
part4
Part Four
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and
social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the
Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work moral values. Ten years ago
young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,
but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know
where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby booma nd an entry of womeni nto the male
dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already
questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social
ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5
percent of
Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent
of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed
dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries
surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education
tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-
expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores - personality,
ability, courage or humanity - are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman
of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against
this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced
2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the
outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on
moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised
eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation
authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for
parents."
But that may have more to do with Japanese lifestyles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko
Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how
much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of
Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family
have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households.
Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes
(
travels to and from work
)
and
crowded conditions, but
the old group and family values weaken, the
living as
discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while
still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent,
and suicides have increased by nearly one quarter.
13. In the Westerners' eyes, the postwar Japan was .
[A] under aimless development[B] a positive example
[C] a rival to the West[D] on the decline
14. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of
Japanese society?
[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
[D] The lifestyle has been influenced by Western values.
15. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
16. The change in Japanese lifestyle is revealed in the fact that .
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
Unit 7
（
2000
）
Part 4
重点词汇：
1. postwar
（战后） ←
post
前缀
"
在后
"+war
；
prewar
（战前） ←
pre
前缀
"
在前
"+war
。
postwar
architecture - the accountants' revenge on the prewar businessmen's dreams
战后的
建筑
--
会计师们对战前商人们的梦想的报复。
2. harm
ony
（和谐，融洽）可看作
har+mony
，
har
谐音
"
哈
"
，
mony
即
money
，于是
"
哈！
money
！
"
→有钱很多事情都会变得
"
和谐
"
与
"
融洽
"
。
No family harmony, no social stability.
没
有家庭的和睦，就没有社会的稳定。
3. sacrifice
（
v.n.
牺牲；奉献）可看作
sa+cri+fice
，
sa
谐音似
"
杀
"
，
cri
看作
cry
（元音 替换），
fice
看作
face
（元音替换） ，于是
"
因马上要被杀（
sa
）而
泪留（
cri
）满面（
fice
）
的东西
"
→牺牲。
Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices.
得体的举止由许多细
小
的牺牲构成。
Whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something of freedom to
attain it.
无论何时，只要有目标，你就要牺牲一定的自由以达到它。
Success can be
only one
ingredient in happiness, and is too dearly purchased if all the other ingredients
have been sacrificed to obtain.
成功只能是幸福的一个因素，如果为了获得成功而牺
牲其 它幸福的因素，就未免得不偿失了。
4. counterPart
（相似或对应的人或物） 即
counter+Part
，
counter-
前缀
"
对等
"
，
Part
部分，
"
对等的部分
"
。
5. personality ?
（人格；个性）←
person+ality
名词后缀。
Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.
个性之于人一如香气之于花。
personality - everything that's
false in a human, everything that's been added on to him and contrived
个性
--
人
类
身上所有虚假的东西，所有强加在他身上的不自然的东西。
6. assault
（
v.n.
攻击）
Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.
能抵挡笑声的进攻。
7.
没有东西
conservative
（保守的；保
守主义者）即
con+serv
（
e
）
+ative
，
con-
前缀
"
全部
"
，
serve
词根
"
保持
"
（
=keep
），
-ative
后缀；参
conservation
（
2002
年
Text 3
）。
Whena nation's young
men are conservative, its funeral bell is already rung.
当一个国家的青年因循守
旧，
这个国家的丧钟即已敲响。
conservative -
①
someone who wants to keep what he
already had lost
②
a man who wants the rules changed so that no one can make a pile
the way he did
③
someone who believes that nothing should be done for the first time
守旧
者
--
①试图保留已经失去的东西的人 ②希望改变一下规矩， 使任何人都不能再像他
那样赚钱
的人 ③相信什么事都不应当有第一次的人。
8. authorities
（当局，官方） ；原形为
authority
（权力；；者）←
author
作者
+ity
名词后
缀。
All authority belongs to the people.
一切权力属于人民。
Authority is not
truth, but truth possesses the authority.
不是真理，但真理拥有。
authority - a high
hat under
权力
--
一顶高帽子，驴子戴上它也能遮住耳朵。
9. endure
（
v.
忍受；持续）即
en+dure
，
en-
前缀
"
使
"
，
dure
词根
"
持续
"
（如
durable
→持久
which every donkey can hide his ears
的）。
We have all sufficient strength to endure the misfortunes of others.
我们具有
极其充足的力量来忍受他人的不幸。
Colors fade, temples crumble, empires fall, but
wise words endure.
色彩会消退，庙宇会坍塌，帝国会崩溃，但智慧的话永存。
e
（
v.
隔离，孤立）←
isol+ate
，
isol
即
isle"
小岛
"
（元音可增减替
换） ，
-ate
动 词后缀，使像小岛一样被
"
孤立
"
。
The word, even the most
contradictions word, preserves contact - it is silence which isolates.
话语，甚至最
矛盾的话语也维持着人们的联系
--
是沉默使人们隔离。
11. commute
（
v.
乘公交车上下班， 乘车船往返于两地） 即
com+mute
，
com-
前缀
"
一起
"
，
mute
词根
"
交换
"
，于是
"
一直在两地间交换位置
"
→乘车往返上下班。
12. divorce
（
v.n.
离婚；分离）与
diverse
（多种多样的；不同的）一起记，
"
离
婚
"
后双方 就成为
"
不同的
"
人。
13. cultivation
（耕作； 培养） ←
cultivat
（
e
）
+tion
，
cultivate
（
v.
耕作； 培养），
-tion
名 词后 缀。
To cultivate oneself in disposition is not for the others, but for
strengthening his own capacity in life.
修养性情不是为了他人，而是为了加强自己的
生
活能力。
14. tolerant
（宽容的）←
toler+ant
。
The public is
wonderfully tolerant - it forgives everything except genius.
公众宽容得惊人
--
他们
宽恕一切，除了天才。
难句解析：
①
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and
social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.
whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe
是
Japan
的定语从句。
千万注意
hardly
是否定词，相当于
not
。
②
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-
dominated job market have limited the opportUnities of teen-agers who are already
questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social
ladder to good schools and jobs.
本句的主语是
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into
the male-dominated job market
，谓语是
have limited
，宾语是
the opportUnities of
teen-agers
，而
who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in
climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs
是宾语的定语从句，
该从句中
involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs
又是
personal sacrifices
的补语。
age
是
"
时代
"
，表示这一代已经成为社会的主力军；
baby boom
指在战后的
"
生
育高峰，婴儿
潮
"
；
questioning
的意思是
"
质问，质疑
"
；
involved in
指
"
与某事有关，由某事
引起
"
。
③
Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when
he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities
after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."
本句主语是
Mitsuo Setoyama
，谓语是
raised eyebrows
，
who was then education
minister
是 主语 的定 语，
when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the
American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese
morality of respect for parents."
是全句的时间状语从句，其中
that
引导的从句是
argued
的宾语，该 宾语从句中主语是
liberal reforms
，谓语是
had weakened
，宾语是
the "Japanese morality of respect for parents"
，
introduced by the American
occupation authorities after World War II
是
liberal reforms
的补语。
注意
raised eyebrows
是
"
瞋目
"
的意思，此处指
"
瞪起眼睛，情绪激愤
"
。
④
With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119
million citizens live in cities where commUnity and the extended family have been
abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.
has come centralization
是一个倒装结构，原形为
centralization has come
。
Where
引导
的定语从句修饰
cities
。
本句中须弄清一些词汇的含义， 如：
centralization
集中化；
commUnity
礼俗社会；
extended
family
多代同堂式的家庭；
in favor of
由
...
取代；
households
家庭。
试题解析：
13.
Word
是学生和职场人士最常用的一款办公软件之一，
99.99%
的人知道它，但其实，这个软
件背后， 还有一大批隐藏技能你不知道。掌握他们，你将开启新世界的大门。
Tab+Enter,
在编过号以后，会自动编号段落
Ctrl + D
调出字体栏，配合
Tab+Enter
全键盘操作吧
Ctrl + L
左对齐，
Ctrl + R
右对齐，
Ctrl + E
居中
Ctrl + F
查找，
Ctrl + H
替换。然后关于替换，里面又大有学问！
有时候
Word
文档中有许多多余的空行需要删除，这个时候我们可以完全可以用 “查找替换 ”
来轻松解 决。打开“编辑”菜单中的 “替换”对话框，把光标定位在 “查找内容 ”输入框
中， 单击“高级”按钮，选择“特 殊字符”中的“段落标记 ”两次，在输入框中会显示
“
^P^P
”，然后在“替换为”输入框中用上面的方法插入 一个“段落标记 ”（一个 “
^P
”），
再按下 “全部替换 ”按钮。这样多余的空行就会被删除。
Ctrl + Z
是撤销，那还原呢？就是
Ctrl + Y
，撤销上一步撤销！
比如我输入
abc,
按一下
F4,
就会自动再输入一遍
abc
2024年3月14日发(作者：僧天元)
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析
--2000
年
part4
Part Four
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and
social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the
Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work moral values. Ten years ago
young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,
but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know
where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby booma nd an entry of womeni nto the male
dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already
questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social
ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5
percent of
Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent
of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed
dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries
surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education
tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-
expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores - personality,
ability, courage or humanity - are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman
of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against
this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced
2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the
outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on
moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised
eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation
authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for
parents."
But that may have more to do with Japanese lifestyles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko
Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how
much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of
Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family
have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households.
Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes
(
travels to and from work
)
and
crowded conditions, but
the old group and family values weaken, the
living as
discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while
still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent,
and suicides have increased by nearly one quarter.
13. In the Westerners' eyes, the postwar Japan was .
[A] under aimless development[B] a positive example
[C] a rival to the West[D] on the decline
14. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of
Japanese society?
[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
[D] The lifestyle has been influenced by Western values.
15. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
16. The change in Japanese lifestyle is revealed in the fact that .
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
Unit 7
（
2000
）
Part 4
重点词汇：
1. postwar
（战后） ←
post
前缀
"
在后
"+war
；
prewar
（战前） ←
pre
前缀
"
在前
"+war
。
postwar
architecture - the accountants' revenge on the prewar businessmen's dreams
战后的
建筑
--
会计师们对战前商人们的梦想的报复。
2. harm
ony
（和谐，融洽）可看作
har+mony
，
har
谐音
"
哈
"
，
mony
即
money
，于是
"
哈！
money
！
"
→有钱很多事情都会变得
"
和谐
"
与
"
融洽
"
。
No family harmony, no social stability.
没
有家庭的和睦，就没有社会的稳定。
3. sacrifice
（
v.n.
牺牲；奉献）可看作
sa+cri+fice
，
sa
谐音似
"
杀
"
，
cri
看作
cry
（元音 替换），
fice
看作
face
（元音替换） ，于是
"
因马上要被杀（
sa
）而
泪留（
cri
）满面（
fice
）
的东西
"
→牺牲。
Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices.
得体的举止由许多细
小
的牺牲构成。
Whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something of freedom to
attain it.
无论何时，只要有目标，你就要牺牲一定的自由以达到它。
Success can be
only one
ingredient in happiness, and is too dearly purchased if all the other ingredients
have been sacrificed to obtain.
成功只能是幸福的一个因素，如果为了获得成功而牺
牲其 它幸福的因素，就未免得不偿失了。
4. counterPart
（相似或对应的人或物） 即
counter+Part
，
counter-
前缀
"
对等
"
，
Part
部分，
"
对等的部分
"
。
5. personality ?
（人格；个性）←
person+ality
名词后缀。
Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.
个性之于人一如香气之于花。
personality - everything that's
false in a human, everything that's been added on to him and contrived
个性
--
人
类
身上所有虚假的东西，所有强加在他身上的不自然的东西。
6. assault
（
v.n.
攻击）
Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.
能抵挡笑声的进攻。
7.
没有东西
conservative
（保守的；保
守主义者）即
con+serv
（
e
）
+ative
，
con-
前缀
"
全部
"
，
serve
词根
"
保持
"
（
=keep
），
-ative
后缀；参
conservation
（
2002
年
Text 3
）。
Whena nation's young
men are conservative, its funeral bell is already rung.
当一个国家的青年因循守
旧，
这个国家的丧钟即已敲响。
conservative -
①
someone who wants to keep what he
already had lost
②
a man who wants the rules changed so that no one can make a pile
the way he did
③
someone who believes that nothing should be done for the first time
守旧
者
--
①试图保留已经失去的东西的人 ②希望改变一下规矩， 使任何人都不能再像他
那样赚钱
的人 ③相信什么事都不应当有第一次的人。
8. authorities
（当局，官方） ；原形为
authority
（权力；；者）←
author
作者
+ity
名词后
缀。
All authority belongs to the people.
一切权力属于人民。
Authority is not
truth, but truth possesses the authority.
不是真理，但真理拥有。
authority - a high
hat under
权力
--
一顶高帽子，驴子戴上它也能遮住耳朵。
9. endure
（
v.
忍受；持续）即
en+dure
，
en-
前缀
"
使
"
，
dure
词根
"
持续
"
（如
durable
→持久
which every donkey can hide his ears
的）。
We have all sufficient strength to endure the misfortunes of others.
我们具有
极其充足的力量来忍受他人的不幸。
Colors fade, temples crumble, empires fall, but
wise words endure.
色彩会消退，庙宇会坍塌，帝国会崩溃，但智慧的话永存。
e
（
v.
隔离，孤立）←
isol+ate
，
isol
即
isle"
小岛
"
（元音可增减替
换） ，
-ate
动 词后缀，使像小岛一样被
"
孤立
"
。
The word, even the most
contradictions word, preserves contact - it is silence which isolates.
话语，甚至最
矛盾的话语也维持着人们的联系
--
是沉默使人们隔离。
11. commute
（
v.
乘公交车上下班， 乘车船往返于两地） 即
com+mute
，
com-
前缀
"
一起
"
，
mute
词根
"
交换
"
，于是
"
一直在两地间交换位置
"
→乘车往返上下班。
12. divorce
（
v.n.
离婚；分离）与
diverse
（多种多样的；不同的）一起记，
"
离
婚
"
后双方 就成为
"
不同的
"
人。
13. cultivation
（耕作； 培养） ←
cultivat
（
e
）
+tion
，
cultivate
（
v.
耕作； 培养），
-tion
名 词后 缀。
To cultivate oneself in disposition is not for the others, but for
strengthening his own capacity in life.
修养性情不是为了他人，而是为了加强自己的
生
活能力。
14. tolerant
（宽容的）←
toler+ant
。
The public is
wonderfully tolerant - it forgives everything except genius.
公众宽容得惊人
--
他们
宽恕一切，除了天才。
难句解析：
①
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and
social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.
whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe
是
Japan
的定语从句。
千万注意
hardly
是否定词，相当于
not
。
②
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-
dominated job market have limited the opportUnities of teen-agers who are already
questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social
ladder to good schools and jobs.
本句的主语是
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into
the male-dominated job market
，谓语是
have limited
，宾语是
the opportUnities of
teen-agers
，而
who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in
climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs
是宾语的定语从句，
该从句中
involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs
又是
personal sacrifices
的补语。
age
是
"
时代
"
，表示这一代已经成为社会的主力军；
baby boom
指在战后的
"
生
育高峰，婴儿
潮
"
；
questioning
的意思是
"
质问，质疑
"
；
involved in
指
"
与某事有关，由某事
引起
"
。
③
Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when
he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities
after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."
本句主语是
Mitsuo Setoyama
，谓语是
raised eyebrows
，
who was then education
minister
是 主语 的定 语，
when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the
American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese
morality of respect for parents."
是全句的时间状语从句，其中
that
引导的从句是
argued
的宾语，该 宾语从句中主语是
liberal reforms
，谓语是
had weakened
，宾语是
the "Japanese morality of respect for parents"
，
introduced by the American
occupation authorities after World War II
是
liberal reforms
的补语。
注意
raised eyebrows
是
"
瞋目
"
的意思，此处指
"
瞪起眼睛，情绪激愤
"
。
④
With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119
million citizens live in cities where commUnity and the extended family have been
abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.
has come centralization
是一个倒装结构，原形为
centralization has come
。
Where
引导
的定语从句修饰
cities
。
本句中须弄清一些词汇的含义， 如：
centralization
集中化；
commUnity
礼俗社会；
extended
family
多代同堂式的家庭；
in favor of
由
...
取代；
households
家庭。
试题解析：
13.
Word
是学生和职场人士最常用的一款办公软件之一，
99.99%
的人知道它，但其实，这个软
件背后， 还有一大批隐藏技能你不知道。掌握他们，你将开启新世界的大门。
Tab+Enter,
在编过号以后，会自动编号段落
Ctrl + D
调出字体栏，配合
Tab+Enter
全键盘操作吧
Ctrl + L
左对齐，
Ctrl + R
右对齐，
Ctrl + E
居中
Ctrl + F
查找，
Ctrl + H
替换。然后关于替换，里面又大有学问！
有时候
Word
文档中有许多多余的空行需要删除，这个时候我们可以完全可以用 “查找替换 ”
来轻松解 决。打开“编辑”菜单中的 “替换”对话框，把光标定位在 “查找内容 ”输入框
中， 单击“高级”按钮，选择“特 殊字符”中的“段落标记 ”两次，在输入框中会显示
“
^P^P
”，然后在“替换为”输入框中用上面的方法插入 一个“段落标记 ”（一个 “
^P
”），
再按下 “全部替换 ”按钮。这样多余的空行就会被删除。
Ctrl + Z
是撤销，那还原呢？就是
Ctrl + Y
，撤销上一步撤销！
比如我输入
abc,
按一下
F4,
就会自动再输入一遍
abc