2024年5月12日发(作者：璩岳)
托福写作真题及解析
2022年托福阅读真题及解析1
托福阅读第一篇 欧洲人口增加
原文回顾：欧洲经济发展相关，工业化和食物的增长促进了
人口的增长。高速城市化：人们开始从乡下往城镇转移，因此带
来了工作，生活资料等一系列的变化。细节讲到了熟练工和普通
人的区别，考了两个题。最后讲到了人口的增加导致人均工资下
降的问题。
学习：
After a century of virtually no population growth, the
countries of Western Europe experienced dramatic population
increases between 1750 and 1800. Many countries doubled in
size. In some countries, the growth continued through the
nineteenth century. The population of Great Britain, for instance,
doubled between 1750 and 1800 and then tripled between 1800
and 1900.
There were several reasons for the sudden increase. Medical
advances and improved hygiene limited the devastation caused
by epidemic diseases and plagues. The introduction of new food
crops, most notably the potato, provided a better diet for the
poor and reduced the incidence of famine. The combination of
greater public order and fewer civil wars meant that life was less
hazardous. The net result was a lower death rate and soaring
populations.
The growing population, with a rising proportion of children
to raise and older people to care for, put increased pressure on
every aspect of society. Many peasants were no longer able to
provide land for their children, who were forced to look for other
ways to make their living. Small artisans in the cities suffered
similar problems, unable to provide places for their children in
their own workshops.
The exact relationship between population growth and
industrialization is unclear, though the two are clearly intertwined.
(Even countries that were late to industrialize shared in the
general population increase, and its related problems.) What is
clear is that the growth in population increased the demand for
both food and manufactured goods and provided an abundance
of cheap labor to produce them.
托福阅读第二篇 非洲铁技术的发展
原文回顾：非洲铁的发展，非洲曾经是被殖民的地方，殖民
者大量开采非洲的铁矿资源，并且他们在非洲大规模的用铁矿资
源冶炼金属，牵扯到起源，谁把铁的技术引进非洲，以及铁技术
之后的发展和改变。注意这篇阅读有地图。
学习：
(1)The African Iron Age is traditionally considered that period
in Africa between the second century AD up to about 1000 AD,
when iron smelting was practiced. In Africa, unlike the Europe and
Asia, the Iron Age is not prefaced by a Bronze or Copper Age, but
rather all the metals were brought together. The advantages of
iron over stone are obvious--iron is much more efficient at
cutting trees or quarrying stone than stone tools. But iron
smelting technology is a smelly, dangerous one. This brief essay
covers Iron Age up to the end of the first millennium AD.
Pre-Industrial Iron Ore Technology
To work iron, one must extract the ore from the ground and
break it into pieces, then heat the pieces to a temperature of at
least 1100 degrees centigrade under controlled conditions.
African Iron Age people built a cylindrical clay furnace and
used charcoal and a hand-operated bellows to reach the level of
heating for smelting. Once smelted, the metal was separated
from its waste products or slag, and then brought to its shape by
repeated hammering and heating, called forging.
African Iron Age Lifeways
From the 2nd century AD to about 1000 AD, the Chifumbaze
spread iron throughout the largest portion of Africa, eastern and
southern Africa. The Chifumbaze were farmers of squash, beans,
sorghum and millet, and kept cattle, sheep, goats and chickens.
They built hill top settlements, at Bosutswe, large villages like
Schroda, and large monumental sites like Great Zimbabwe. Gold,
ivory, and glass bead working and trade was part of many of the
societies. Many spoke a form of Bantu; many forms of geometric
and schematic rock art are found throughout south and eastern
Africa.
(2)In Africa, where there was no continent-wide universal
Bronze Age, the use of iron succeeded immediately the use of
stone. Metallurgy was characterized by the absence of a Bronze
Age, and the transition from “stone to steel" in tool substances.
Sub-Saharan Africa has produced very early instances of carbon
steel found to be in production around 2022年 years ago in
northwest Tanzania, based on complex preheating principles.
Nubia was one of the relatively few places in Africa to have a
sustained Bronze Age along with Egypt and much of the rest of
North Africa. The Meroitic script was developed in the Napatan
Period (c. 700–300 BC).
Iron Age finds in East and Southern Africa, corresponding to
the early 1st millennium Bantu expansion.
托福阅读第三篇 美国铁路的发展和影响
原文回顾：说的是讲美国铁路发展和影响，先说了铁路给人
们带来了很多好处，后面还说铁路比其他交通工具更为广泛。然
后大概说17世纪的几个铁路说明跨越疆域的时间变得有多短。
然后分别写旅游和经济的影响。原来一个洲到另一个洲要好久，
现在时间缩短了很多。这一篇词汇题考的比较多，其中有词汇题
quantify，很多人可以有personal travel。还有一个问题问的是对
当地居民的影响，说他们可以种更加适合气候的庄稼，因为交通
的便捷。
学习：
Early American Railroads
In 1869, a golden spike linked the Central Pacific Railroad
and the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah.
The development of BB__-__DS was one of the most
important phenomena of the Industrial Revolution. With their
formation, construction and operation, they brought profound
social, economic and political change to a country only 50 years
old. Over the next 50 years, America would come to see
magnificent bridges and other structures on which trains would
run, awesome depots, ruthless rail magnates and the majesty of
rail locomotives crossing the country.
The railroad was first developed in Great Britain. A man
named BB__-__GEORGE __SON successfully applied the steam
technology of the day and created the world's first successful
locomotive. The first engines used in the United States were
purchased from the BB__-__SON WORKS in England. Even rails
were largely imported from England until the Civil War. Americans
who had visited England to see new BB__-__STEAM __IVES were
impressed that railroads dropped the cost of shipping by carriage
by 60-70%.
This stereograph of the Central Pacific Railroad would have
appeared three-dimensional when viewed through special
glasses.
Baltimore, the third largest city in the nation in 1827, had not
invested in a canal. Yet, Baltimore was 200 miles closer to the
frontier than New York and soon recognized that the
development of a railway could make the city more competitive
with New York and the Erie Canal in transporting people and
goods to the West. The result was the BB__-__RE AND OHIO __D,
the first railroad chartered in the United States. There were great
parades on the day the construction started. On July 4, 1828, the
first spadesful of earth were turned over by the last surviving
signer of the Declaration of Independence, 91-year-old BB__-__
__ __.
New railroads came swiftly. In 1830, the BB__-__ SOUTH __A
CANAL AND RAIL-ROAD __ was formed to draw trade from the
interior of the state. It had a steam locomotive built at the West
Point Foundry in New York City, called BB__-__THE BEST FRIEND
OF __TON, the first steam locomotive to be built for sale in the
United States. A year later, the Mohawk Hudson railroad
reduced a 40-mile wandering canal trip that took all day to
accomplish to a 17-mile trip that took less than an hour. Its first
steam engine was named the DeWitt Clinton after the builder of
the Erie Canal.
Although the first railroads were successful, attempts to
finance new ones originally failed as opposition was mounted by
turnpike operators, canal companies, stagecoach companies and
those who drove wagons. Opposition was mounted, in many
cases, by tavern owners and innkeepers whose businesses were
threatened. Sometimes opposition turned to violence. Religious
leaders decried trains as sacrilegious. But the economic benefits
of the railroad soon won over the skeptics.
Shares were sold to fund the construction of the BO Railroad.
In only 12 days, the company had raised over $4,000,000.
Perhaps the greatest physical feat of 19th century America
was the creation of the BB__-__ __AL __D. Two railroads, the BB__-
__ __ starting in San Francisco and a new railroad, the Union
Pacific, starting in Omaha, Nebraska, would build the rail-line.
Huge forces of immigrants, mainly Irish for the BB__-__UNION __
and Chinese for the Central Pacific, crossed mountains, dug
tunnels and laid track. The two railroads met at BB__-__ORY,
UTAH, on May 10, 1869, and drove a last, golden spike into the
completed railway.
2022年托福听力真题及解析
托福听力 Conversation 1
一个女生上了professor的课之后发现原来童话挺复杂的而
且有别的含义。然后她开始问怎么写童话故事的assignment，她
觉得跟着传统写法很奇怪，教授让她还是要根据童话故事的
element写，但是detail可以不同，举了hero的例子，这里出题
了。最后那个女生问教授关于 setting，时间的问题，然后这里也
有出题。
Lecture 1
讲的是sculpture，主要讲一个艺术家怎么样unconventional
方法去创造那个雕塑，那个雕塑有一些地方不成比例的大，这里
有出题。后面也讲到，其实他创造的方法里面也有typical的方
法。
Lecture 2
主要讲了果蝇怎么用眼睛探测magnetic field，先讲了做个
实验，有不同的变量，这里有出题问。但是光是必须的。后来进
一步说因为果蝇眼睛里有一种c的物质，让他们可以sense磁场。
托福听力 Conversation 2
停车的通行证问老师，然后就说没地方停车?然后那个人就
说可能是因为有一个展览，而且那个地方本来就是个停车的火爆
区域，然后建议女生步行。然后女生就说她有一个课不方便，然
后那个人说你可以坐学校的免费__ BUS,然后可以给你refund你
的卡钱，但是因为没有卡了在哪也不能停，这个学生又提出了一
些问题，好像是会影响她周末干嘛，然后她决定还是去继续找 __
的地方，找不到再去。
Lecture 3
讲的是古代的一种disc上面画着星星月亮太阳的图案，但是
图案的形状和月相和自然中的事实是不一致的，因为月亮的阳面
应该对着太阳，而disc上的阴面对着太阳(有出题)，所以怀疑这
个disc和calendar有关，后来一直都在讲这个和calendar的关
系，一种一个是七颗星星组成的图案，被猜想可能是代表的什么
pleiades，古代人一般使用的是阴历，通常和公历有一定的误差，
所以需要补一个月使他们的calendar和solar calendar保持一致，
因此他们利用这个disc对着天空，根据星团和月亮的位置来判
断第13个月开始的日期(有出题)，后来在巴比伦也发现了类似的
图案，怀疑可能与宗教有关(有出题)。
Lecture 4
冰河世纪的新仙女木时间(yd)，气温在百年内忽然升降，可
能是大洋中的fresh water的增加导致了影响。突然的降温使得
迁移到高纬度地区的动植物大批死亡。
2022年托福口语真题及解析
托福独立口语Task 1： talk about the advantages of moving
to a new place to study or work.在一个新地方学习工作的优点
Task 1参考答案：
In my opinion, moving to a new place to study or work has
the following advantages: first, you have more chances to get to
know new and interesting people, which helps to expand your
social circle and give you more opportunity to make new friends;
for example, I met my best friend Linda, after I was transferred to
a new senior high school in a new city. Second, you are also more
2024年5月12日发(作者：璩岳)
托福写作真题及解析
2022年托福阅读真题及解析1
托福阅读第一篇 欧洲人口增加
原文回顾：欧洲经济发展相关，工业化和食物的增长促进了
人口的增长。高速城市化：人们开始从乡下往城镇转移，因此带
来了工作，生活资料等一系列的变化。细节讲到了熟练工和普通
人的区别，考了两个题。最后讲到了人口的增加导致人均工资下
降的问题。
学习：
After a century of virtually no population growth, the
countries of Western Europe experienced dramatic population
increases between 1750 and 1800. Many countries doubled in
size. In some countries, the growth continued through the
nineteenth century. The population of Great Britain, for instance,
doubled between 1750 and 1800 and then tripled between 1800
and 1900.
There were several reasons for the sudden increase. Medical
advances and improved hygiene limited the devastation caused
by epidemic diseases and plagues. The introduction of new food
crops, most notably the potato, provided a better diet for the
poor and reduced the incidence of famine. The combination of
greater public order and fewer civil wars meant that life was less
hazardous. The net result was a lower death rate and soaring
populations.
The growing population, with a rising proportion of children
to raise and older people to care for, put increased pressure on
every aspect of society. Many peasants were no longer able to
provide land for their children, who were forced to look for other
ways to make their living. Small artisans in the cities suffered
similar problems, unable to provide places for their children in
their own workshops.
The exact relationship between population growth and
industrialization is unclear, though the two are clearly intertwined.
(Even countries that were late to industrialize shared in the
general population increase, and its related problems.) What is
clear is that the growth in population increased the demand for
both food and manufactured goods and provided an abundance
of cheap labor to produce them.
托福阅读第二篇 非洲铁技术的发展
原文回顾：非洲铁的发展，非洲曾经是被殖民的地方，殖民
者大量开采非洲的铁矿资源，并且他们在非洲大规模的用铁矿资
源冶炼金属，牵扯到起源，谁把铁的技术引进非洲，以及铁技术
之后的发展和改变。注意这篇阅读有地图。
学习：
(1)The African Iron Age is traditionally considered that period
in Africa between the second century AD up to about 1000 AD,
when iron smelting was practiced. In Africa, unlike the Europe and
Asia, the Iron Age is not prefaced by a Bronze or Copper Age, but
rather all the metals were brought together. The advantages of
iron over stone are obvious--iron is much more efficient at
cutting trees or quarrying stone than stone tools. But iron
smelting technology is a smelly, dangerous one. This brief essay
covers Iron Age up to the end of the first millennium AD.
Pre-Industrial Iron Ore Technology
To work iron, one must extract the ore from the ground and
break it into pieces, then heat the pieces to a temperature of at
least 1100 degrees centigrade under controlled conditions.
African Iron Age people built a cylindrical clay furnace and
used charcoal and a hand-operated bellows to reach the level of
heating for smelting. Once smelted, the metal was separated
from its waste products or slag, and then brought to its shape by
repeated hammering and heating, called forging.
African Iron Age Lifeways
From the 2nd century AD to about 1000 AD, the Chifumbaze
spread iron throughout the largest portion of Africa, eastern and
southern Africa. The Chifumbaze were farmers of squash, beans,
sorghum and millet, and kept cattle, sheep, goats and chickens.
They built hill top settlements, at Bosutswe, large villages like
Schroda, and large monumental sites like Great Zimbabwe. Gold,
ivory, and glass bead working and trade was part of many of the
societies. Many spoke a form of Bantu; many forms of geometric
and schematic rock art are found throughout south and eastern
Africa.
(2)In Africa, where there was no continent-wide universal
Bronze Age, the use of iron succeeded immediately the use of
stone. Metallurgy was characterized by the absence of a Bronze
Age, and the transition from “stone to steel" in tool substances.
Sub-Saharan Africa has produced very early instances of carbon
steel found to be in production around 2022年 years ago in
northwest Tanzania, based on complex preheating principles.
Nubia was one of the relatively few places in Africa to have a
sustained Bronze Age along with Egypt and much of the rest of
North Africa. The Meroitic script was developed in the Napatan
Period (c. 700–300 BC).
Iron Age finds in East and Southern Africa, corresponding to
the early 1st millennium Bantu expansion.
托福阅读第三篇 美国铁路的发展和影响
原文回顾：说的是讲美国铁路发展和影响，先说了铁路给人
们带来了很多好处，后面还说铁路比其他交通工具更为广泛。然
后大概说17世纪的几个铁路说明跨越疆域的时间变得有多短。
然后分别写旅游和经济的影响。原来一个洲到另一个洲要好久，
现在时间缩短了很多。这一篇词汇题考的比较多，其中有词汇题
quantify，很多人可以有personal travel。还有一个问题问的是对
当地居民的影响，说他们可以种更加适合气候的庄稼，因为交通
的便捷。
学习：
Early American Railroads
In 1869, a golden spike linked the Central Pacific Railroad
and the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah.
The development of BB__-__DS was one of the most
important phenomena of the Industrial Revolution. With their
formation, construction and operation, they brought profound
social, economic and political change to a country only 50 years
old. Over the next 50 years, America would come to see
magnificent bridges and other structures on which trains would
run, awesome depots, ruthless rail magnates and the majesty of
rail locomotives crossing the country.
The railroad was first developed in Great Britain. A man
named BB__-__GEORGE __SON successfully applied the steam
technology of the day and created the world's first successful
locomotive. The first engines used in the United States were
purchased from the BB__-__SON WORKS in England. Even rails
were largely imported from England until the Civil War. Americans
who had visited England to see new BB__-__STEAM __IVES were
impressed that railroads dropped the cost of shipping by carriage
by 60-70%.
This stereograph of the Central Pacific Railroad would have
appeared three-dimensional when viewed through special
glasses.
Baltimore, the third largest city in the nation in 1827, had not
invested in a canal. Yet, Baltimore was 200 miles closer to the
frontier than New York and soon recognized that the
development of a railway could make the city more competitive
with New York and the Erie Canal in transporting people and
goods to the West. The result was the BB__-__RE AND OHIO __D,
the first railroad chartered in the United States. There were great
parades on the day the construction started. On July 4, 1828, the
first spadesful of earth were turned over by the last surviving
signer of the Declaration of Independence, 91-year-old BB__-__
__ __.
New railroads came swiftly. In 1830, the BB__-__ SOUTH __A
CANAL AND RAIL-ROAD __ was formed to draw trade from the
interior of the state. It had a steam locomotive built at the West
Point Foundry in New York City, called BB__-__THE BEST FRIEND
OF __TON, the first steam locomotive to be built for sale in the
United States. A year later, the Mohawk Hudson railroad
reduced a 40-mile wandering canal trip that took all day to
accomplish to a 17-mile trip that took less than an hour. Its first
steam engine was named the DeWitt Clinton after the builder of
the Erie Canal.
Although the first railroads were successful, attempts to
finance new ones originally failed as opposition was mounted by
turnpike operators, canal companies, stagecoach companies and
those who drove wagons. Opposition was mounted, in many
cases, by tavern owners and innkeepers whose businesses were
threatened. Sometimes opposition turned to violence. Religious
leaders decried trains as sacrilegious. But the economic benefits
of the railroad soon won over the skeptics.
Shares were sold to fund the construction of the BO Railroad.
In only 12 days, the company had raised over $4,000,000.
Perhaps the greatest physical feat of 19th century America
was the creation of the BB__-__ __AL __D. Two railroads, the BB__-
__ __ starting in San Francisco and a new railroad, the Union
Pacific, starting in Omaha, Nebraska, would build the rail-line.
Huge forces of immigrants, mainly Irish for the BB__-__UNION __
and Chinese for the Central Pacific, crossed mountains, dug
tunnels and laid track. The two railroads met at BB__-__ORY,
UTAH, on May 10, 1869, and drove a last, golden spike into the
completed railway.
2022年托福听力真题及解析
托福听力 Conversation 1
一个女生上了professor的课之后发现原来童话挺复杂的而
且有别的含义。然后她开始问怎么写童话故事的assignment，她
觉得跟着传统写法很奇怪，教授让她还是要根据童话故事的
element写，但是detail可以不同，举了hero的例子，这里出题
了。最后那个女生问教授关于 setting，时间的问题，然后这里也
有出题。
Lecture 1
讲的是sculpture，主要讲一个艺术家怎么样unconventional
方法去创造那个雕塑，那个雕塑有一些地方不成比例的大，这里
有出题。后面也讲到，其实他创造的方法里面也有typical的方
法。
Lecture 2
主要讲了果蝇怎么用眼睛探测magnetic field，先讲了做个
实验，有不同的变量，这里有出题问。但是光是必须的。后来进
一步说因为果蝇眼睛里有一种c的物质，让他们可以sense磁场。
托福听力 Conversation 2
停车的通行证问老师，然后就说没地方停车?然后那个人就
说可能是因为有一个展览，而且那个地方本来就是个停车的火爆
区域，然后建议女生步行。然后女生就说她有一个课不方便，然
后那个人说你可以坐学校的免费__ BUS,然后可以给你refund你
的卡钱，但是因为没有卡了在哪也不能停，这个学生又提出了一
些问题，好像是会影响她周末干嘛，然后她决定还是去继续找 __
的地方，找不到再去。
Lecture 3
讲的是古代的一种disc上面画着星星月亮太阳的图案，但是
图案的形状和月相和自然中的事实是不一致的，因为月亮的阳面
应该对着太阳，而disc上的阴面对着太阳(有出题)，所以怀疑这
个disc和calendar有关，后来一直都在讲这个和calendar的关
系，一种一个是七颗星星组成的图案，被猜想可能是代表的什么
pleiades，古代人一般使用的是阴历，通常和公历有一定的误差，
所以需要补一个月使他们的calendar和solar calendar保持一致，
因此他们利用这个disc对着天空，根据星团和月亮的位置来判
断第13个月开始的日期(有出题)，后来在巴比伦也发现了类似的
图案，怀疑可能与宗教有关(有出题)。
Lecture 4
冰河世纪的新仙女木时间(yd)，气温在百年内忽然升降，可
能是大洋中的fresh water的增加导致了影响。突然的降温使得
迁移到高纬度地区的动植物大批死亡。
2022年托福口语真题及解析
托福独立口语Task 1： talk about the advantages of moving
to a new place to study or work.在一个新地方学习工作的优点
Task 1参考答案：
In my opinion, moving to a new place to study or work has
the following advantages: first, you have more chances to get to
know new and interesting people, which helps to expand your
social circle and give you more opportunity to make new friends;
for example, I met my best friend Linda, after I was transferred to
a new senior high school in a new city. Second, you are also more