2024年5月18日发(作者：暴水)
The 14World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China
th
FOR COMPARISON OF VILLAGE HOUSING CONSTRUCTION
PATTERNS OF EARTHQUAKE AFFECTED REGIONS IN THE LORESTAN
PROVINCE ---BEFORE AND AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
H. Fatemi aghdaand I. Rasoolan and H. Zafari
1
2
1 23
Assoc .Prof, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, Harbin. China
Ph.D. Student of civil Eng,, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Member of Young Researchers club,
3
Msc,Natural Disaster management , Member of Young Researchers club, IRAN
Email:rasoolan82@,hosseinzafari@
ABSTRACT :
The first section Experience shows that earthquakes not only cause loss of life and economic damage but also
bring about transformations in their wake, with regard to construction patterns in the earthquake affected
society. According to studies that have been conducted so far, in traditional methods of construction, social and
economic considerations, and on the whole the livelihood system in society have been taken into consideration
and are considered as having fundamental importance in rural living and lifestyle..
Before the occurrence of earthquake in Lorestan , the general pattern of residential and office buildings had a
multi –lateral function , in a way that the residential units and livestock shelters were built alongside other
systems of livelihood of the villagers. In addition to this, the buildings had terraces which were customarily
used for rest and relaxation and for family gatherings all the year round. The material used for construction was
local and traditional, however, presently, sudden and unexpected changes have been observed in the
reconstruction patterns in the Lorestan region in which the traditional ways and their positive aspects have not
been considered. Obviously, sudden changes in the customary patterns of physical construction could bring
about negative impacts in the manner and culture of society, since the fabric is the reflection of the cultural and
socio-economic system, governing the people of each region that is shaped according to its socio-cultural
values and is conducive to its environmental characteristics.
The objective of this article is a comparison of two traditional and new patterns of village housing
construction , before and after the Lorestan earthquake and will be followed by an elaboration on construction
methods, components, materials, architectural designs and livelihood values .
KEYWORDS:
Traditional and New Construction Patterns, Reconstruction , Livelihood System
The 14World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China
th
1. Introduction
The Silakhor Plain Earthquake of Lorestan that occurred on the 11th of Farvardin 1385 caused considerable
damage to the urban and rural housing in the area. This damage was due to several reasons; some of which
were construction methods, cultural features of construction, age of buildings, distance from the main fault,
kinds of materials etc.
The type of local construction, simplicity of construction, repairs & renovation, protection and coordination
with livelihood system and climatic conditions, were the most important characteristics of traditional
construction patterns of provincial rural areas.
From the middle of the 40’s till now, with the dissemination of western culture in cities and its influence in the
rural areas of the country, this pattern, in its various dimensions has undergone unknown changes that are
contrary to the culture, livelihood system and in particular, the climatic conditions in rural areas. The
earthquake stricken region of Lorestan was also not an exemption from the above mentioned situation.
The reconstruction of the earthquake stricken villages has provided an opportunity for upgrading traditional
patterns, as well as offering a review of structural elements, buildings, materials and building designs and to
remove the weaknesses and shortcomings of the past.
In order to get a better understanding of the above mentioned, a detailed elaboration has been given below:
uction Patterns
2,1.
Materials
In the past few decades, construction of rural buildings in our country was completely dependant upon
native/local building materials and local workers. With an increase in relations between rural areas and urban
centers and with an input of new material into rural areas, it has gradually changed considerably. Dependence
on local material leads to reducing construction costs and coordination with climatic and natural environmental
conditions. However, lack of familiarity of the rural inhabitants with the correct and appropriate usage of
material and its unsuitable implementation and poor quality of construction, in addition to lack of resilience
against natural disasters, can be counted as the most damaging factors for traditional buildings in rural areas.
The advent of new resilient and durable building material in rural areas was welcomed by the rural inhabitants,
although they had to bear high expenses for these changes. However, in spite of all this, due to incorrect usage
and unsuitable implementation of material, the expected results have not been achieved.
The native texture of Lorestan buildings, with respect to an early cold winter and unexpected rainfall in spring
carries special significance. Most of the construction in the native texture of this region is mud and bricks and
most of the residential houses are made of wooden beams, with moisture and heat insulation, clay and straw
thatched roofing which stand upon clay and brick walls
It is worth mentioning here that with the advent of iron beams and bricks and other new materials for
constructing an arch / barrel vault roof, changes have occurred in most of the villages in the façade of the rural
houses, but unfortunately horizontal and vertical chenage that can withstand earthquake's lateral forces have
mostly been neglected.
Table 1 shows the materials that have been used
before and after an earthquake in the region:
Task Force assigned for Material used before earthquake Material used after earthquake
villages under
reconstruction
Rural Esfahan Pressed bricks-foundation material-
Concrete collar, high quality sand,
pre-fabricated steel roof
without observing technical
requirements, brick-cement-adobe
framework with technical
specifications, ceramic-bricks,
& mud Lime mortar, roof wooden
ceiling blocks, concrete-steel
beam, jack arch/barrel vault
beams polystyrem for roofing
Urban Esfahan adobe-mud, brick-iron –wood Sand- iron -concrete, joist &
block, ceramic brick
2024年5月18日发(作者：暴水)
The 14World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China
th
FOR COMPARISON OF VILLAGE HOUSING CONSTRUCTION
PATTERNS OF EARTHQUAKE AFFECTED REGIONS IN THE LORESTAN
PROVINCE ---BEFORE AND AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
H. Fatemi aghdaand I. Rasoolan and H. Zafari
1
2
1 23
Assoc .Prof, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, Harbin. China
Ph.D. Student of civil Eng,, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Member of Young Researchers club,
3
Msc,Natural Disaster management , Member of Young Researchers club, IRAN
Email:rasoolan82@,hosseinzafari@
ABSTRACT :
The first section Experience shows that earthquakes not only cause loss of life and economic damage but also
bring about transformations in their wake, with regard to construction patterns in the earthquake affected
society. According to studies that have been conducted so far, in traditional methods of construction, social and
economic considerations, and on the whole the livelihood system in society have been taken into consideration
and are considered as having fundamental importance in rural living and lifestyle..
Before the occurrence of earthquake in Lorestan , the general pattern of residential and office buildings had a
multi –lateral function , in a way that the residential units and livestock shelters were built alongside other
systems of livelihood of the villagers. In addition to this, the buildings had terraces which were customarily
used for rest and relaxation and for family gatherings all the year round. The material used for construction was
local and traditional, however, presently, sudden and unexpected changes have been observed in the
reconstruction patterns in the Lorestan region in which the traditional ways and their positive aspects have not
been considered. Obviously, sudden changes in the customary patterns of physical construction could bring
about negative impacts in the manner and culture of society, since the fabric is the reflection of the cultural and
socio-economic system, governing the people of each region that is shaped according to its socio-cultural
values and is conducive to its environmental characteristics.
The objective of this article is a comparison of two traditional and new patterns of village housing
construction , before and after the Lorestan earthquake and will be followed by an elaboration on construction
methods, components, materials, architectural designs and livelihood values .
KEYWORDS:
Traditional and New Construction Patterns, Reconstruction , Livelihood System
The 14World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China
th
1. Introduction
The Silakhor Plain Earthquake of Lorestan that occurred on the 11th of Farvardin 1385 caused considerable
damage to the urban and rural housing in the area. This damage was due to several reasons; some of which
were construction methods, cultural features of construction, age of buildings, distance from the main fault,
kinds of materials etc.
The type of local construction, simplicity of construction, repairs & renovation, protection and coordination
with livelihood system and climatic conditions, were the most important characteristics of traditional
construction patterns of provincial rural areas.
From the middle of the 40’s till now, with the dissemination of western culture in cities and its influence in the
rural areas of the country, this pattern, in its various dimensions has undergone unknown changes that are
contrary to the culture, livelihood system and in particular, the climatic conditions in rural areas. The
earthquake stricken region of Lorestan was also not an exemption from the above mentioned situation.
The reconstruction of the earthquake stricken villages has provided an opportunity for upgrading traditional
patterns, as well as offering a review of structural elements, buildings, materials and building designs and to
remove the weaknesses and shortcomings of the past.
In order to get a better understanding of the above mentioned, a detailed elaboration has been given below:
uction Patterns
2,1.
Materials
In the past few decades, construction of rural buildings in our country was completely dependant upon
native/local building materials and local workers. With an increase in relations between rural areas and urban
centers and with an input of new material into rural areas, it has gradually changed considerably. Dependence
on local material leads to reducing construction costs and coordination with climatic and natural environmental
conditions. However, lack of familiarity of the rural inhabitants with the correct and appropriate usage of
material and its unsuitable implementation and poor quality of construction, in addition to lack of resilience
against natural disasters, can be counted as the most damaging factors for traditional buildings in rural areas.
The advent of new resilient and durable building material in rural areas was welcomed by the rural inhabitants,
although they had to bear high expenses for these changes. However, in spite of all this, due to incorrect usage
and unsuitable implementation of material, the expected results have not been achieved.
The native texture of Lorestan buildings, with respect to an early cold winter and unexpected rainfall in spring
carries special significance. Most of the construction in the native texture of this region is mud and bricks and
most of the residential houses are made of wooden beams, with moisture and heat insulation, clay and straw
thatched roofing which stand upon clay and brick walls
It is worth mentioning here that with the advent of iron beams and bricks and other new materials for
constructing an arch / barrel vault roof, changes have occurred in most of the villages in the façade of the rural
houses, but unfortunately horizontal and vertical chenage that can withstand earthquake's lateral forces have
mostly been neglected.
Table 1 shows the materials that have been used
before and after an earthquake in the region:
Task Force assigned for Material used before earthquake Material used after earthquake
villages under
reconstruction
Rural Esfahan Pressed bricks-foundation material-
Concrete collar, high quality sand,
pre-fabricated steel roof
without observing technical
requirements, brick-cement-adobe
framework with technical
specifications, ceramic-bricks,
& mud Lime mortar, roof wooden
ceiling blocks, concrete-steel
beam, jack arch/barrel vault
beams polystyrem for roofing
Urban Esfahan adobe-mud, brick-iron –wood Sand- iron -concrete, joist &
block, ceramic brick