IUCN红色名录说明书-USB迷|专注于互联网分享

2024年8月6日发(作者：施妙芙)

(

)

The IUCN Red List of Threatened

Species™ is the world’s most

comprehensive information source

on the global conservation status

of animal, fungi and plant species

and their links to livelihoods.

Our goal is to catalyse action

for biodiversity conservation

by providing information

and analysis on the world’s

species, including threats,

population status and trends.

“The IUCN Red List is a wake-up call, reminding us that

our natural world is becoming increasingly vulnerable. We

know that effective conservation can yield outstanding

results, saving species from extinction while securing

the livelihoods of local communities. The international

community must urgently step up conservation efforts

if we want to secure this fascinating diversity of life

that sustains, inspires and amazes us every day.”

Inger Andersen, IUCN Director General

(International Union for Conservation of Nature).

Eyelash Frog (Cornufer guentheri) Least Concern

Photography © Robin Moore

About The IUCN Red List

EVALUATED

NOT

DEFICIENT

DATA

CONCERN

LEAST

THREATENED

NEAR

VULNERABLE

ENDANGERED

CRITICALLY

IN THE WILD

EXTINCT

NEDDLCNT

Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Endangered

Photography © Kathryn Pintus

About The IUCN Red List

The IUCN Red List is a rich compendium Species assessments are conducted

of information on threats, ecological following a standardized process using

requirements, and habitats of species; the rigorous IUCN Red List Categories

and on conservation actions that can be and Criteria, ensuring the highest

taken to reduce or prevent extinctions. standards of scientific documentation,

information management, expert

It is based on an objective system review, and justification.

for assessing the risk of extinction

of a species based on past, There are eight IUCN Red List Categories

present, and projected on criteria linked to population

trend, size and structure, and geographic

range. Species listed as Critically

Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable

are collectively described as threatened.

About The IUCN Red List

IUCN Red List Index

The IUCN Red List Index (RLI) reveals The RLI is calculated from the genuine

trends in the overall extinction risk changes in IUCN Red List Categories

of species and provides an indicator of all assessed species in a taxon over

that is used by governments to track time. A decreasing RLI value means

their progress in achieving targets the expected rate of extinctions is

that reduce biodiversity sing (i.e. the rate of biodiversity

The Red List Index has been adopted

loss is increasing). An upward trend or

by the United Nations as one of the

increasing RLI value means that there

indicators for the 2030 Sustainable

is a decrease in expected future rate

Development Goal 15 on life and land.

of species extinctions (i.e. a reduction

in the rate of biodiversity loss).

6342

–

3334

of Conifers

threatened

–

2613

of Birds

threatened

–

About The IUCN Red List

The IUCN Red List Partnership

Working together for conservation

The IUCN Red List is produced

and managed by the IUCN Global

Species Programme, the Species

Survival Commission (SSC) and

The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List partners are:

Arizona State University; BirdLife

“The IUCN Red List tells us where

International; Botanic Gardens

we ought to be concerned and

Conservation International; Conservation

where the urgent needs are to do

International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic

Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University

something to prevent the despoliation

of Rome; Texas A&M University; and

of this world. It is a great agenda

Zoological Society of London.

for the work of conservationists.”

Sir David Attenborough

How is The IUCN

Red List used?

Guide Scientific ResearchInform Policy and Conventions

Scientific journals regularly cite The IUCN Red List is used to inform

The IUCN Red List in peer-reviewed decisions taken by Multilateral

literature. Each year numerous new Environmental Agreements. It is often

conservation articles examine the values used as a guide to revise the annexes

of The IUCN Red List and refer to its of some agreements, such as the

important contribution to conservation Convention on International Trade in

planning. Downloads of IUCN Red Endangered Species (CITES) and the

List data from the website show that Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).

academics from research institutions

worldwide export IUCN Red List data The IUCN Red List assessments

for research purposes on a daily freshwater species have also

contributed to the work of the Ramsar

Convention in selecting sites that are

important for freshwater biodiversity.

The IUCN Red List will contribute to

the function of the Intergovernmental

science-policy Platform on Biodiversity

and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) to

strengthen the science-policy interface

on biodiversity and ecosystem services

Photography © Robin Moore

to improve decision making.

How is The IUCN Red List used?

Merendon Palm-Pitviper (Bothriechis thalassinus) Not Evaluated

Photography © Robin Moore

IUCN Red List data are being used to report on and

measure progress toward the Aichi Biodiversity Targets,

adopted by governments at the Conference of the

Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),

2010 - in particular, Target 12: By 2020 the extinction of

known threatened species has been prevented and their

conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has

been improved and sustained.

CBD Strategic Goal

A: Address the underlying

causes of biodiversity

loss by mainstreaming

biodiversity across

government and society.

B. Reduce the

direct pressures on

biodiversity and promote

sustainable use.

Aichi Targets for 2020

1: Public awareness increased.

2: Values of biodiversity recognized.

3: Incentives reformed.

IUCN Red List

4: Sustainable production and consumption promoted.

5: Habitat loss reduced.

6: Towards sustainable management of fisheries.

7: Sustainable management (agriculture, aquaculture

and forestry).

8: Pollution reduced.

9: Invasive alien species combated.

10: Pressures on vulnerable ecosystems impacted by

climate change or ocean acidification minimized.

C: improve the status

of biodiversity by

safeguarding ecosystems,

species and genes.

D. Enhance the benefits

to all from biodiversity

and ecosystem services.

11: Protected areas increased.

12: Extinction prevented.

13: Genetic diversity maintained.

14: Ecosystems are restored and safeguarded.

15: By 2020, ecosystem resilience enhanced.

16: Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources

and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising

from their Utilization is in force.

E. Enhance implementation

through participatory

planning, knowledge

management and

capacity-building.

17: National biodiversity strategies and action

plans developed.

18: Traditional knowledge respected and reflected

in the implementation of the Convention.

19: Knowledge and technologies improved and shared.

20: Financial resources increased.

How is The IUCN Red List used?Influence Resource Allocation

The Global Environment Facility

(GEF) has included information from

The IUCN Red List in its resource

allocation framework since 2008.

Other foundations and funding

instruments, such as the Critical

Ecosystem Partnership Fund; SOS

- Save Our Species; and Mohamed

bin Zayed Species Conservation

Fund also use the results of The

IUCN Red List assessments to guide

their investments in conservation.

Awareness and Education

New information from The IUCN Red

List generates significant media interest

resulting in hundreds of articles on the

web, printed newspapers, television,

radio and special interest magazines;

raising public awareness of the plight

of species and the larger environmental

issues surrounding them. The Zoo,

Aquarium and Botanic Garden networks

are supporting The IUCN Red List by

including the IUCN Red List status

on their species information signs.

The IUCN Red List website (www.

) is also regularly used by

educators and students of all ages.

The IUCN Red List shows where action needs to

be taken to save the building blocks of nature from

extinction. It provides a straightforward way to factor

biodiversity needs into decision-making processes by

providing a wealth of useful information on species.

Inform Conservation Planning

Several conservation planning

methodologies use The IUCN Red

List to identify important areas for

conservation including: Important

Bird Areas; Important Plant Areas;

and Alliance for Zero Extinction sites.

For example, one of the criteria that

Alliance for Zero Extinction sites must

meet is that they contain at least one

Endangered or Critically Endangered

species, as listed on The IUCN Red List.

Health Care

The IUCN Red List distribution

information is frequently used by

researchers in the health sector to look

at the distributions of species which

are known or suspected vectors of

human and domestic-animal diseases

to develop models on predicted future

occurrences of the diseases. The

IUCN Red List also helps to highlight

those medicinal plants which are being

unsustainably harvested to ensure

appropriate conservation actions can be

implemented to conserve these species.

Improve Decision-making

The IUCN Red List can help guide

environmental impact assessments. The

wealth of information on habitats and

threats to species are used in biodiversity

management plans and site rehabilitation

plans. Combining conservation planning

analyses with information on threats

from The IUCN Red List has also

lead to partnerships with industry to

explore opportunities to reduce the

negative impact on biodiversity and

promote more sustainable production.

Initiatives of the petrochemical, mining,

aggregate and financial industry such

as Net Positive Impact (NPI) and

No Net Loss, benefit from access

to information on the distribution of

species and their conservation status.

Humphead Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) Endangered

Photography © Christian Laufenberg

Conservation Action

Conservation action delivers results.

Many species on The IUCN Red List

have been saved from extinction

through conservation programmes

based on sound science. These are

a few examples selected to illustrate

the breadth of successful interventions

which have happened across the world.

a Valerian

(Centranthus trinervis)

This herbaceous plant is endemic to Corsica

(a Mediterranean island) and it is threatened

mostly by human disturbance, recreational

activities such as climbing and grazing from

goats. This species’ habitat is now included

in the Natura 2000 network, and is managed

in a way that favours the conservation of

this species. Climbing equipment on the cliff

has been removed, and The Conservatoire

du Littoral bought the area where this

species is present to keep the population

protected. In 2011 it was down-listed from

Critically Endangered to Endangered.

a Saproxylic Beetle

(Cucujus cinnaberinus)

This beetle is found throughout much of

Europe. The main threats are degradation or

loss of habitat quality; and fragmentation and

increasing isolation of beetle populations. It is

listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention

and Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats

Directive and is legally protected in many

countries. With better protection of its habitats,

this beetle is expanding its distribution in

central Europe, although it is still declining

in surrounding areas. In 2010 it was down-

listed from Vulnerable to Near Threatened.

Asian Crested Ibis

(Nipponia nippon)

The Asian Crested Ibis historically nested in

the Russian Far East, Japan, and China. The

species declined rapidly from the late 19th

century due to the degradation of nesting and

feeding habitat, over-hunting, and the use of

agrochemicals in rice-paddies, which causes

reductions in the abundance of its prey. Since

the 1980s regulations have been enacted to

prohibit logging, the use of agrochemicals in

rice-fields and the use of firearms for hunting.

Nest trees have also been declared state

property and protected. Captive breeding

and reintroduction programmes have been

initiated and released birds are breeding

successfully. In 2000, it was down-listed

from Critically Endangered to Endangered.

Black-footed Ferret

(Mustela nigripes)

The Black-footed Ferret was considered

Extinct in the Wild in 1996. A captive breeding

programme initiated in 1985 by the Wyoming

Game and Fish Department in cooperation

with the US Fish and Wildlife Service resulted

in more than 6,000 Black-footed Ferrets being

born in captivity. Ferrets have been reintroduced

in western US states and in Mexico. In 2008

this species was reassessed for the IUCN Red

List as Endangered. Ongoing conservation

is essential to continue their recovery.

Grand Cayman Blue Iguana

(Cyclura lewisi)

Found only on Grand Cayman, this iguana is

severely threatened by introduced species

(such as feral dogs, cats, and rats) and

habitat conversion. In the early 1990s the

wild population was believed to be less than

25 individuals. Conservation programmes,

such as captive breeding, have resulted in

the release of over 600 animals into three

protected areas, where feral predators are

controlled. In 2012 it was down-listed to

Endangered and the future looks encouraging

due to the extensive conservation work.

Australian Grayling

(Prototroctes maraena)

Native to Australia, these fish need to migrate

to and from the sea to complete their life

cycle. The construction of barriers such as

dams and weirs, water quality decline and

competition from introduced brown trout have

had a major impact on populations in some

river systems. Now the focus of a number of

conservation measures, the population has

started to recover, and in 2009 it was down-

listed from Vulnerable to Near Threatened.

Conservation Action

Mallorcan Midwife Toad

(Alytes muletensis)

Endemic to Mallorca (a Mediterranean island),

the major threats faced are predation by the

introduced Viperine Snake, competition for

space with Perez’s Frog and development.

Conservation programmes have been put in

place to remove the Viperine Snake from the

toad’s range, and the Balearic Government

and Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust have

undertaken captive breeding, re-introduction

and other conservation initiatives. At least

10 populations have been successfully

reintroduced. In 2006 it was down-listed

from Critically Endangered to Vulnerable.

Nile Crocodile

(Crocodylus niloticus)

Native to Africa, the Nile Crocodile is at

threat from hunting for their meat (which

is believed to have curative properties)

and leather; pollution and entanglement

in fishing nets. International trade controls

and national laws are now in place, and

the extinction risk to the Nile Crocodile has

decreased. In 1996 it was down-listed from

Vulnerable to Least Concern, although it may

still be threatened in parts of its range.

Humpback Whale

(Megaptera novaeangliae)

By 1968 commercial whaling had seriously

depleted all Humpback Whale populations.

Conservation action came via the International

Whaling Commission in the form of protection

from commercial whaling. The species has

demonstrated remarkable resilience, and most

populations have increased since the end of

whaling. In 2008 they were reassessed from

Vulnerable to Least Concern on the IUCN

Red List, with a population that is estimated

at over 60,000 animals and is increasing.

Lear’s Macaw

(Anodorhynchus leari)

This rare bird is severely threatened by

trade, and in 1983 the global population was

estimated to number just 60 birds. It is listed

on CITES Appendix I and II and is protected by

Brazilian law. Infiltrations of trading networks

and improved surveillance at breeding sites

have resulted in arrests of poachers, smugglers

and collectors. In 2009 this species was

reassessed from Critically Endangered to

Endangered, and the most recent population

estimates are of over 1,000 birds.

Seychelles Magpie Robin

(Copsychus sechellarum)

Originally present on several islands in the

Seychelles, but by 1965 only 12-15 birds

remained – all on one island. The major

causes of the decline were predation and

competition by introduced species such as

cats and rats, and reduction in the quality and

quantity of habitat linked with the commercial

production of crops such as banana. A

recovery programme was initiated in 1990.

In 2005 the species was down-listed from

Critically Endangered to Endangered, and in

2006 the population reached 178 birds on four

islands - a tenfold increase in forty years.

Arabian Oryx

(Oryx leucoryx)

The regal Arabian Oryx was hunted to near

extinction, with the last wild individual believed

to be shot in 1972. Thanks to successful

captive breeding and re-introduction efforts, the

Arabian Oryx is now facing a more secure future

with its wild population standing at around

1,000 individuals. In 2011 it was down-listed

from the Endangered category to Vulnerable.

Our target is to make

The IUCN Red List a more complete

Barometer

A broader taxonomic base to species

assessments will enable better

conservation and policy decisions.

A provisional target of 160,000

assessed species has been proposed

and the estimated cost of this

ambitious plan is USD 60,000,000.

160,000

GOAL

85,604

SO FAR

Asessement Goal – 160,000

Species Assessed 2016 - 85,604

Described Species – 1,889,587

African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Vulnerable

Photography © Robin Moore

White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) Near Threatened

Photography © Robin Moore

Comma (Polygonia c-album) Least Concern (European regional assessment)

Photography © Marilyn Peddle

Nature’s backbone

Vertebrates

An estimated 99% of all organisms are

Invertebrates

Species Assessed 44,694

(2016)

Described Species 64,788

Assessment Goal 61,635

Species Assessed 18,609

(2016)

Described Species 1,359,365

Assessment Goal 45,344

Werauhia insignis (Mez) Not Evaluated

Photography © W. Till Barfuss and R. Samuel

Amanita muscaria Not Evaluated

Photography © Christine Majul

The Earth’s lungs

Plants

The most under-researched and under-funded

Fungi and other species groups

Species Assessed 22,253

(2016)

Described Species 310,129

Assessment Goal 38,521

Species Assessed 48

(2016)

Described Species 165,305

Assessment Goal 14,500

The IUCN Red List

is the starting point for

conservation action

Toyota is supporting over 28,000 species

assessments globally to make The IUCN

Red List a more complete “Barometer

of Life”. Increased knowledge will help

protect livelihoods and food security.

For The IUCN Red List to become a

more complete “Barometer of Life”,

investment is needed to: increase

the number of experts trained to

carry out IUCN Red List assessments;

significantly increase the number

of species being assessed each

year; and carry out regular

reassessments of species groups.

Lend your support?

*********************************************.

/donate

“When tackling threats to the global environment, it is important to

act early and boldly with concrete steps that will make a difference

in people’s lives. We did it in 1997 with Prius, and more recently with

the hydrogen fuel cell Mirai. But protecting the environment is not

just about CO and emissions: biodiversity is equally important to

human lives. By entering this partnership with IUCN, we are very

proud to take an additional step toward the challenge of establishing

a future society in harmony with nature.”

Didier Leroy

Executive Vice President of Toyota Motor Corporation

Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) Not Evaluated

Photography © Alamy Photo Stock, Image DHBF96

For more information, please contact

********************

Species on The IUCN Red List page – Photography Credits

Encephalartos laevifolius – © SANBI

Pseudophilautus tanu – © Milivoje Krvavac - Department of Biology and Ecology UNS

Acropora palmata – © Jan Paul Zegarra/USFWS Southeast

Neocallitropsis pancheri – © Mickael T Wikimedia Commons

Tarsius tumpara – © Geoff Deehan

Mergus octosetaceus – © Adriano Gambarini

Conservation Action Map Page 1 – Photography Credits

Centranthus trinervis – © Antonie van den Bos for

Cucujus cinnaberinus – © Gouix Nicolas and Brustel Hervç

Nipponia nippon – © Andy Li, CC 2.0, NoDerivs

Mustela nigripes – © Michael Lockhart, USFWS, CC 2.0

Cyclura lewisi – © Peter J. Markham, Loretto, MN, CC 2.0, sharealike

Prototroctes maraena – © Gary Backhouse, DSE, Arthur Rylah Institute, CC 2.5

Conservation Action Map Page 2 – Photography Credits

Alytes muletensis – © Bert Willaert,

Crocodylus niloticus – © Sarah McCans, CC 2.0

Megaptera novaeangliae – © Whit Welles, CC 3.0

Anodorhynchus leari – © Ashok Khosla,

Copsychus sechellarum – © Adrian Scottow, CC 2.0, sharealike

Oryx leucoryx – © Topiltzin Contreras MacBeath

Design:

Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) Least Concern

Photography © Gordon Ellmer

IUCN

Rue Mauverney 28

CH-1196 Gland

Switzerland

Tel: + 41 22 999 0000

Fax: + 41 22 999 0015

/redlist