2024年1月21日发(作者：睢书兰)
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记Text3①TheUS＄3-millionFundamentalPhysicsPriceisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.正如亚历山大.波利亚科夫在今年三月接受今年的基础物理学奖的时候所说的那样，金额达到300万美金的基础物理学奖的确是个有趣的尝试。（这一奖项的本质与诺贝尔奖有着天壤之别，后者只有当一项成果已经经历了彻底的测试和验证才会被认定为是突破性的进展，有时往往与最初的发表相隔几十年的光景。与此相反，基础物理学奖似乎以那些理论上的进步为目标，在这次获奖的9位科学家中，有6人都从事与弦理论有关的研究。）YuriMilner投资人：Facebook、Whatsup、AirBnB、Snapchat、Spotify等以及阿里巴巴、京东、滴滴、小米和美团等公司。②mbeing;Chinaisfarfrombeingaworldeconomyleader.中国远不是世界经济的领导者。同类型的奖项也远非这一个。③AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.正如《自然》杂志上一篇新闻专题文章所讨论的那样，近年来一系列金额丰厚的奖项加入到了诺贝尔奖的行列。④Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephones-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.像基础物理学奖一样，很多奖项的经费来自互联网企业家的巨额银行账户。⑤Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.这些出资人在他们所选领域获得了成功。他们想用他们的财富让人们去关注那些在科学上取得成功的人。①What’snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.有什么不妥呢？就新闻专题引用的少数科学家的话来讲，有很多。②Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.俗话说，你买不来阶级，这些新兴的企业家没法给他们设立的奖项买来像诺贝尔奖那样的声望。③Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.科学家们说，这些奖只不过是设立这些奖的人的自我炒作而已。1
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记这些奖是背后的企业家们为了自我宣传而设置的。④Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.他们会扭曲以成果为基础，以同行评审为引导的体系。⑤Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.他们会使同行评审研究的现状固化不前。⑥Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.他们不会资助同行评审研究。⑦uate:使…长存；mythofthelonegenius个人天才的神话①sscatteredasBA和B一样，各不相同；AareasdiversifiedasB和批评一样，奖项设立者的目标也不尽相同。②Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.有的人是为了想震惊世界，其他人是为了吸引人才从事科学研究，有些人想更好地回报那些以科学研究为事业的人。havemadetheircareersinresearch.以科研为事业的人Hehasmadehiscareerinteaching.他以教书为事业。①AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprize—bothnewandold—mate：合理的，正当的，合法的；Legitimacy（合法性，合理性）地位！就如自然杂志以往指出过的那样，科学奖项（无论新旧），其分配方式确有值得担心之处。②TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifescienceinclude.今年新设立的生命科学突破奖在就生命科学包括哪些（内涵）这件事上采用了一种不具备代表性的观点。③ButtheNobelFoundation’slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch–aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthe2
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记owB：A使B不适应A了BhasbeenoutgrownbyA.但是，诺贝尔奖在设立时规定每个奖项最多有三名获奖者，而且每个人必须依然活着；这种理念早就不适应现代研究的大规模协作这一事实了。就如谈到希格斯玻色子的发现颁奖时，都会不可避免地争论谁被忽略了，这点也证明了现代研究的大规模协作这一事实。Thecollaborativenatureofmodernresearchwillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhledge:承认，表彰，颁奖，认可；④TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.当然，诺贝尔奖本身就是一个富人处置财产的结果。⑤Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.时间，而不是初衷成就了诺贝尔奖的地位。①Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,as=muchasMuchasIhatetogo,it'snowornever.虽然我很讨厌去，但也就此一回了。虽然一些科学家对于这些新的奖项有这样那样的抱怨，但是有两个事实是清晰的。②First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.第一，如果颁奖，大多数获奖者都会接受奖金③Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere.第二，金钱和关注汇聚到科学领域而不是其他领域是件好事。④Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism-thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall-butitistheprize-givers’moneytodowithastheyplease.批评和质疑奖项机制无可厚非，毕竟这是研究文化的一部分。但是这些钱是别人颁奖人的钱，别人怎么花都行吧！⑤Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.明智的做法是以感恩的心优雅地接受奖金。damentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas［A］asymboloftheentrepreneurs’wealth.［B］ahandsomerewardforresearchers.［C］apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.［D］anexampleofbankers’ticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit3
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记［A］theprofit-orientedscientists.［B］theachievement-basedsystem.［C］thefoundersofthenewawards［D］coveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves［A］legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.［B］controversiesovertherecipients＇status.［C］thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.［D］ingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?［A］Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.［B］Theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.［C］Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.［D］horbelievesthatthenewawardsare［A］unworthyofpublicattention.［B］subjecttoundesirablechanges.［C］harmfultothecultureofresearch.［D］acceptabledespitethecriticism.科学研究①Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.在科学研究的理想状态下，关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者去观察和收集，研究者们会用科学的方法来开展他们的研究工作。②Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但是在每天的科学实践中，发现通常遵循一条模糊且复杂的路径。③Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.我们的目标是做到客观，但我们却无法逃离我们独特的人生体验这样一个环境。④Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.之前的知识和兴趣会影响到我们的经历，影响到我们对于经历意义的思考，以及影响到我们采取的后续行动。⑤Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.这里充满着误读，错误和自我欺骗的可能性。4
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记①Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.所以，发现的声明应该被作为科学的原型。②Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.这些声明类似于新矿勘探的声明，都充满着可能性。③Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.但是把发现的声明变成成熟的发现需要集体的审查和接受。④Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.这个过程被称之为“取得信用的过程”，通过这一过程，一个单个研究者的我，此处，现在变成了这个社区中的任何人，任何地方，任何时间。⑤Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.客观的知识不应该是起点而是目标。①Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.“这里的public到底是什么意思？真的需要本文来赋予其含义，还真不能靠我们字面理解。”一旦发现的声明变成“public”,这个发现就获得了学术的认可。②But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.但是和采矿声明不同的是，科学界会接管接下来发生的事情。③Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.在科学界复杂的社会结构中，研究者做出发现，编辑和审稿人充当看门人控制着出版的过程。其他科学家使用新的发现来满足自己的需要。最后，公众包括其他的科学家接受这个新发现以及可能随之而来的新技术。Note:adiscoveryclaimbecomespublic=editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.(被审查！)④Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.主干识别：Atransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.A=theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnology支持某一科学和技术的理念与反对这一科学和技术的理念会产生互动和冲突，5
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记当一个发现的声明最终通过了科学界的逐级审查之后，支持某一科学和技术的理念与反对这一科学和技术的理念会产生互动和冲突，这样过后就将个人的发现声明变成了集体的可信的发现。①Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.整个取得信任的过程中，存在着两种矛盾的情况。②First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.第一，科学研究工作倾向于关注流行知识中被认为不完整和不正确的方面。③Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.重复并确认已经为人所知以及可信的知识几乎不会带来回报。④Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.参考译文：研究的目标是新的“寻找”而不是重复“寻找”。⑤Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.不足为奇的是，新发布的发现声明以及那些看起来重要和有说服力的取得了可信度的发现，总要面对将来研究者的质疑，可能的修改甚至是推翻。⑥Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.第二.新生事物本身就常常招致怀疑。⑦NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”诺贝尔奖获得者，生理学家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾经就把发现描述为“见人之所见，思无人所想”。⑧Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.但是想无人所想，并且告诉其他人他们的纰漏未必能改变这些人的看法。⑨Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.真正新的发现需要很多年才能被接受和认可。①Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.最后，一个科学的发现取得了信任。这个过程和哲学家AnnetteBaier所描述的心灵的共性是一样的。②“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”6
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记我们共同去推理，去质疑，去修改并且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理概念。“Tohate,tolove,tothink,tofeel,tosee;allthisisnothingbuttoperceive.”恨也罢，爱也罢，思想、感觉、观察也罢，无非都是在领悟。DavidHume人性具有两条伟大的原则：一是同情。人性虽然是自私的，但还遵循同情的原则，一个人或事物如果能够增进他人的快乐，我们也会对其有好感，尽管对于我自己没有任何利害关系。这就是为什么我们对于那些有益于公益事业的事情采取赞赏态度的原因，这表现出了某种利他性——当然，这种利他性并不是空洞的，依然是建立在痛苦与快乐的感受之上的，我们的同情是由于设想某种事物可以给他人造成快乐或痛苦的感受而产生的。二是比较。比较的方向与同情相反，当我们把他人的痛苦或快乐与自己进行比较时，如果他人感到痛苦，我们就感到快乐，因为我们没有处于他那种痛苦的状态；如果他人快乐，我们就痛苦，因为我们没有像他那样快乐。ingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits［A］uncertaintyandcomplexity.［B］misconceptionanddeceptiveness.［C］logicalityandobjectivity.［D］einferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires［A］strictinspection.［B］sharedefforts.［C］individualwisdom.［D］aph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit［A］hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.［B］hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.被审查之后；［C］hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.［D］Szent-Györgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat［A］scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.［B］discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.［C］effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.［D］fthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?［A］NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.［B］CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.［C］EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.［D］ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.第三篇科学研究1.71)Intheidealizedversion（理想状态）ofhowscienceisdone,
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记2.3.4.5.2)factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearchers/（主动）3）heeverydaypracticeofscience,obeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontext（环境）nowledgeandinterestinfluence1）whatweexperience,2）whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,and3）unities可能性formisinterpretation,error,ingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits____Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.［A］ousandcomplicated［B］misconceptionanddeceptiveness.［C］logicalityandobjectivity.［D］systematicnessandregularity.二uently,rtonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.3Butittakescollectivescruthecredibilityprocess（取得信任的过程）,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.（后果）iveknowledgeisthegoal,einferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires前因____collectivescrutinyandacceptance［A］strictinspection.=scrutiny［B］shared=collective；efforts=swer!［C］individualwisdom.［D］akescollectivescrutivescrutinyandacceptance三iscoveryclaimbecomespublic?,?=经过了集体审查,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunity(科学界)takescontrolofwhathappensnext.8
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记thecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;Candfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuit（满足）theirownpurposes;Dreceivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanying(随之)todosth;coveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.1）Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity，2）theinteractionandconfrontationtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery3）betweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolved主干识别：Atransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.A=theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnology支持某一科学和技术的理念与反对这一科学和技术的理念会产生互动和冲突，当一个发现的声明最终通过了科学界的逐级审查之后，支持某一科学和技术的理念与反对这一科学和技术的理念会产生互动和冲突，这样过后就将个人的发现声明变成了集体的可信的发现。aph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit____iscoveryclaimbecomespublic?,?=经过了集体审查［A］hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.［B］hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.［C］hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.［D］hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.模糊替换！四adoxes（矛盾的地方）,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspect1）ofprevailingknowledge2）rewardaccomlisnew-search,prisingly,1)newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsand/2)crediblediscoveries3)thatappeartobeimportantandconvincing/willalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotential9
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记modificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.1）即使被认可了，也要接受质疑!,aureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”nkingwhatnobodyelsehasmesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.2）新发现需要时间才能被认可！Szent-Györgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat____NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”［A］scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.［B］discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.［C］effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.［D］ngwhatnobodyhasthoughtcriticalmind=creativemind!Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.2.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”DavidHume人性论共性！fthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?［A］NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.［B］CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.［C］Evolution（过程，演变！）tion=change［D］ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.五1.第九篇科学研究Text3一.＄3-millionFundamentalPhysicsPriceisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.10
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记sFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringofluc,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfrdedfromtelephones-number-sizedbankaccounts巨额账户enefactors（金主，出资人，恩客）havesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentionto（使人们关注到）damentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas____TheUS＄3-millionFundamentalPhysicsPriceastringoflucrativeawardsMany,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize［A］asymboloftheentrepreneurs’wealth.［B］ive=handsome［C］apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.［D］anexampleofbankers’investments.二.’snottolike?lot,notbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andthesawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,uldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.使…固化不前现状！rpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.使…长久！ticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit____Critics=scientists.［A］theprofit-orientedscientists.以利润为导向的科学家［B］theachievement-basedsystem.［C］awardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.11
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记［D］peer-review-ledresearch.三.nttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,adehiscareerinteaching.四.rehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprize—bothnewandold—mateconcerns合理的担心！akthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifescienceinclude.3.1）ButtheNobelFoundation’slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch2）Thecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch(结论)willbedemonstrated/by（theinevitablerow（争吵）overwhoisignored/whenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.）（例子）elswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupby,ratherthanintention（初衷）,coveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves___thecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch［A］legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.［B］controversiesovertherecipients＇status.［C］thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.［D］ingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?［A］Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.［B］,ratherthanintention（初衷）,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.［C］［D］Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.ＮＧ五.assomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear.12
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记Asmuchas=Muchas虽然,,itissurelyagoodirtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism—thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall—butitistheprize-givers’horbelievesthatthenewawardsare____［A］unworthyofpublicattention.［B］subjecttoundesirablechanges.［C］harmfultothecultureofresearch.［D］acceptabledespitethecriticism.13
2024年1月21日发(作者：睢书兰)
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记Text3①TheUS＄3-millionFundamentalPhysicsPriceisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.正如亚历山大.波利亚科夫在今年三月接受今年的基础物理学奖的时候所说的那样，金额达到300万美金的基础物理学奖的确是个有趣的尝试。（这一奖项的本质与诺贝尔奖有着天壤之别，后者只有当一项成果已经经历了彻底的测试和验证才会被认定为是突破性的进展，有时往往与最初的发表相隔几十年的光景。与此相反，基础物理学奖似乎以那些理论上的进步为目标，在这次获奖的9位科学家中，有6人都从事与弦理论有关的研究。）YuriMilner投资人：Facebook、Whatsup、AirBnB、Snapchat、Spotify等以及阿里巴巴、京东、滴滴、小米和美团等公司。②mbeing;Chinaisfarfrombeingaworldeconomyleader.中国远不是世界经济的领导者。同类型的奖项也远非这一个。③AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.正如《自然》杂志上一篇新闻专题文章所讨论的那样，近年来一系列金额丰厚的奖项加入到了诺贝尔奖的行列。④Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephones-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.像基础物理学奖一样，很多奖项的经费来自互联网企业家的巨额银行账户。⑤Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.这些出资人在他们所选领域获得了成功。他们想用他们的财富让人们去关注那些在科学上取得成功的人。①What’snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.有什么不妥呢？就新闻专题引用的少数科学家的话来讲，有很多。②Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.俗话说，你买不来阶级，这些新兴的企业家没法给他们设立的奖项买来像诺贝尔奖那样的声望。③Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.科学家们说，这些奖只不过是设立这些奖的人的自我炒作而已。1
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记这些奖是背后的企业家们为了自我宣传而设置的。④Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.他们会扭曲以成果为基础，以同行评审为引导的体系。⑤Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.他们会使同行评审研究的现状固化不前。⑥Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.他们不会资助同行评审研究。⑦uate:使…长存；mythofthelonegenius个人天才的神话①sscatteredasBA和B一样，各不相同；AareasdiversifiedasB和批评一样，奖项设立者的目标也不尽相同。②Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.有的人是为了想震惊世界，其他人是为了吸引人才从事科学研究，有些人想更好地回报那些以科学研究为事业的人。havemadetheircareersinresearch.以科研为事业的人Hehasmadehiscareerinteaching.他以教书为事业。①AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprize—bothnewandold—mate：合理的，正当的，合法的；Legitimacy（合法性，合理性）地位！就如自然杂志以往指出过的那样，科学奖项（无论新旧），其分配方式确有值得担心之处。②TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifescienceinclude.今年新设立的生命科学突破奖在就生命科学包括哪些（内涵）这件事上采用了一种不具备代表性的观点。③ButtheNobelFoundation’slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch–aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthe2
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记owB：A使B不适应A了BhasbeenoutgrownbyA.但是，诺贝尔奖在设立时规定每个奖项最多有三名获奖者，而且每个人必须依然活着；这种理念早就不适应现代研究的大规模协作这一事实了。就如谈到希格斯玻色子的发现颁奖时，都会不可避免地争论谁被忽略了，这点也证明了现代研究的大规模协作这一事实。Thecollaborativenatureofmodernresearchwillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhledge:承认，表彰，颁奖，认可；④TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.当然，诺贝尔奖本身就是一个富人处置财产的结果。⑤Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.时间，而不是初衷成就了诺贝尔奖的地位。①Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,as=muchasMuchasIhatetogo,it'snowornever.虽然我很讨厌去，但也就此一回了。虽然一些科学家对于这些新的奖项有这样那样的抱怨，但是有两个事实是清晰的。②First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.第一，如果颁奖，大多数获奖者都会接受奖金③Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere.第二，金钱和关注汇聚到科学领域而不是其他领域是件好事。④Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism-thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall-butitistheprize-givers’moneytodowithastheyplease.批评和质疑奖项机制无可厚非，毕竟这是研究文化的一部分。但是这些钱是别人颁奖人的钱，别人怎么花都行吧！⑤Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.明智的做法是以感恩的心优雅地接受奖金。damentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas［A］asymboloftheentrepreneurs’wealth.［B］ahandsomerewardforresearchers.［C］apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.［D］anexampleofbankers’ticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit3
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记［A］theprofit-orientedscientists.［B］theachievement-basedsystem.［C］thefoundersofthenewawards［D］coveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves［A］legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.［B］controversiesovertherecipients＇status.［C］thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.［D］ingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?［A］Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.［B］Theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.［C］Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.［D］horbelievesthatthenewawardsare［A］unworthyofpublicattention.［B］subjecttoundesirablechanges.［C］harmfultothecultureofresearch.［D］acceptabledespitethecriticism.科学研究①Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.在科学研究的理想状态下，关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者去观察和收集，研究者们会用科学的方法来开展他们的研究工作。②Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但是在每天的科学实践中，发现通常遵循一条模糊且复杂的路径。③Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.我们的目标是做到客观，但我们却无法逃离我们独特的人生体验这样一个环境。④Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.之前的知识和兴趣会影响到我们的经历，影响到我们对于经历意义的思考，以及影响到我们采取的后续行动。⑤Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.这里充满着误读，错误和自我欺骗的可能性。4
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记①Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.所以，发现的声明应该被作为科学的原型。②Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.这些声明类似于新矿勘探的声明，都充满着可能性。③Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.但是把发现的声明变成成熟的发现需要集体的审查和接受。④Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.这个过程被称之为“取得信用的过程”，通过这一过程，一个单个研究者的我，此处，现在变成了这个社区中的任何人，任何地方，任何时间。⑤Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.客观的知识不应该是起点而是目标。①Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.“这里的public到底是什么意思？真的需要本文来赋予其含义，还真不能靠我们字面理解。”一旦发现的声明变成“public”,这个发现就获得了学术的认可。②But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.但是和采矿声明不同的是，科学界会接管接下来发生的事情。③Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.在科学界复杂的社会结构中，研究者做出发现，编辑和审稿人充当看门人控制着出版的过程。其他科学家使用新的发现来满足自己的需要。最后，公众包括其他的科学家接受这个新发现以及可能随之而来的新技术。Note:adiscoveryclaimbecomespublic=editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.(被审查！)④Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.主干识别：Atransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.A=theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnology支持某一科学和技术的理念与反对这一科学和技术的理念会产生互动和冲突，5
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记当一个发现的声明最终通过了科学界的逐级审查之后，支持某一科学和技术的理念与反对这一科学和技术的理念会产生互动和冲突，这样过后就将个人的发现声明变成了集体的可信的发现。①Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.整个取得信任的过程中，存在着两种矛盾的情况。②First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.第一，科学研究工作倾向于关注流行知识中被认为不完整和不正确的方面。③Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.重复并确认已经为人所知以及可信的知识几乎不会带来回报。④Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.参考译文：研究的目标是新的“寻找”而不是重复“寻找”。⑤Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.不足为奇的是，新发布的发现声明以及那些看起来重要和有说服力的取得了可信度的发现，总要面对将来研究者的质疑，可能的修改甚至是推翻。⑥Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.第二.新生事物本身就常常招致怀疑。⑦NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”诺贝尔奖获得者，生理学家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾经就把发现描述为“见人之所见，思无人所想”。⑧Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.但是想无人所想，并且告诉其他人他们的纰漏未必能改变这些人的看法。⑨Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.真正新的发现需要很多年才能被接受和认可。①Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.最后，一个科学的发现取得了信任。这个过程和哲学家AnnetteBaier所描述的心灵的共性是一样的。②“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”6
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记我们共同去推理，去质疑，去修改并且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理概念。“Tohate,tolove,tothink,tofeel,tosee;allthisisnothingbuttoperceive.”恨也罢，爱也罢，思想、感觉、观察也罢，无非都是在领悟。DavidHume人性具有两条伟大的原则：一是同情。人性虽然是自私的，但还遵循同情的原则，一个人或事物如果能够增进他人的快乐，我们也会对其有好感，尽管对于我自己没有任何利害关系。这就是为什么我们对于那些有益于公益事业的事情采取赞赏态度的原因，这表现出了某种利他性——当然，这种利他性并不是空洞的，依然是建立在痛苦与快乐的感受之上的，我们的同情是由于设想某种事物可以给他人造成快乐或痛苦的感受而产生的。二是比较。比较的方向与同情相反，当我们把他人的痛苦或快乐与自己进行比较时，如果他人感到痛苦，我们就感到快乐，因为我们没有处于他那种痛苦的状态；如果他人快乐，我们就痛苦，因为我们没有像他那样快乐。ingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits［A］uncertaintyandcomplexity.［B］misconceptionanddeceptiveness.［C］logicalityandobjectivity.［D］einferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires［A］strictinspection.［B］sharedefforts.［C］individualwisdom.［D］aph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit［A］hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.［B］hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.被审查之后；［C］hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.［D］Szent-Györgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat［A］scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.［B］discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.［C］effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.［D］fthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?［A］NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.［B］CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.［C］EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.［D］ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.第三篇科学研究1.71)Intheidealizedversion（理想状态）ofhowscienceisdone,
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记2.3.4.5.2)factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearchers/（主动）3）heeverydaypracticeofscience,obeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontext（环境）nowledgeandinterestinfluence1）whatweexperience,2）whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,and3）unities可能性formisinterpretation,error,ingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits____Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.［A］ousandcomplicated［B］misconceptionanddeceptiveness.［C］logicalityandobjectivity.［D］systematicnessandregularity.二uently,rtonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.3Butittakescollectivescruthecredibilityprocess（取得信任的过程）,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.（后果）iveknowledgeisthegoal,einferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires前因____collectivescrutinyandacceptance［A］strictinspection.=scrutiny［B］shared=collective；efforts=swer!［C］individualwisdom.［D］akescollectivescrutivescrutinyandacceptance三iscoveryclaimbecomespublic?,?=经过了集体审查,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunity(科学界)takescontrolofwhathappensnext.8
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记thecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;Candfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuit（满足）theirownpurposes;Dreceivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanying(随之)todosth;coveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.1）Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity，2）theinteractionandconfrontationtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery3）betweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolved主干识别：Atransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.A=theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnology支持某一科学和技术的理念与反对这一科学和技术的理念会产生互动和冲突，当一个发现的声明最终通过了科学界的逐级审查之后，支持某一科学和技术的理念与反对这一科学和技术的理念会产生互动和冲突，这样过后就将个人的发现声明变成了集体的可信的发现。aph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit____iscoveryclaimbecomespublic?,?=经过了集体审查［A］hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.［B］hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.［C］hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.［D］hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.模糊替换！四adoxes（矛盾的地方）,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspect1）ofprevailingknowledge2）rewardaccomlisnew-search,prisingly,1)newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsand/2)crediblediscoveries3)thatappeartobeimportantandconvincing/willalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotential9
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记modificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.1）即使被认可了，也要接受质疑!,aureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”nkingwhatnobodyelsehasmesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.2）新发现需要时间才能被认可！Szent-Györgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat____NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”［A］scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.［B］discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.［C］effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.［D］ngwhatnobodyhasthoughtcriticalmind=creativemind!Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.2.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”DavidHume人性论共性！fthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?［A］NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.［B］CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.［C］Evolution（过程，演变！）tion=change［D］ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.五1.第九篇科学研究Text3一.＄3-millionFundamentalPhysicsPriceisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.10
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记sFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringofluc,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfrdedfromtelephones-number-sizedbankaccounts巨额账户enefactors（金主，出资人，恩客）havesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentionto（使人们关注到）damentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas____TheUS＄3-millionFundamentalPhysicsPriceastringoflucrativeawardsMany,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize［A］asymboloftheentrepreneurs’wealth.［B］ive=handsome［C］apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.［D］anexampleofbankers’investments.二.’snottolike?lot,notbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andthesawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,uldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.使…固化不前现状！rpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.使…长久！ticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit____Critics=scientists.［A］theprofit-orientedscientists.以利润为导向的科学家［B］theachievement-basedsystem.［C］awardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.11
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记［D］peer-review-ledresearch.三.nttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,adehiscareerinteaching.四.rehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprize—bothnewandold—mateconcerns合理的担心！akthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifescienceinclude.3.1）ButtheNobelFoundation’slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch2）Thecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch(结论)willbedemonstrated/by（theinevitablerow（争吵）overwhoisignored/whenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.）（例子）elswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupby,ratherthanintention（初衷）,coveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves___thecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch［A］legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.［B］controversiesovertherecipients＇status.［C］thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.［D］ingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?［A］Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.［B］,ratherthanintention（初衷）,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.［C］［D］Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.ＮＧ五.assomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear.12
2017考研英语真题阅读5夜10篇精读直播随堂笔记Asmuchas=Muchas虽然,,itissurelyagoodirtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism—thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall—butitistheprize-givers’horbelievesthatthenewawardsare____［A］unworthyofpublicattention.［B］subjecttoundesirablechanges.［C］harmfultothecultureofresearch.［D］acceptabledespitethecriticism.13