高中英语阅读理解之推断题(原卷版)-USB迷|专注于互联网分享

2024年2月11日发(作者：员晓曼)

阅读理解之推断题（原卷版）

推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。

推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。推理判断能力是阅读理解能力的重要组成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。每年每套题通常会有 4～6 题。

一、思维导图

推断隐含意义思维导图

二、方法点拨

(一)推理判断题题干常用词

一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语：know about, learn from, infer, imply,

suggest, conclude, purpose, attitude, probably, most likely等。

(二)推理判断题正确选项特征

推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：

1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。

2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some,

may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。

(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征

1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。

2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。

3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。

4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。

5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。

6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。

Part4：推断题解题技巧（思维导图+真题演练）

例子1

We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of

something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well

after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these

outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

…

32．What does the author think of new devices?

A．They are environment-friendly.

B．They are no better than the old.

C．They cost more to use at home.

D．They go out of style quickly.

[解题示范]

题干信息

文体特点

原文查找

What does the author think of：作者态度

new devices：新设备

科技说明文：一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告。

That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices

consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

信息整合 ①做同样的事情旧设备耗能高(consume much more energy)

②旧设备不利于环境保护(bad news for the environment)

③旧设备更浪费钱财(our wallets)

信息推断上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较(than the newer ones)得出的结论，故新设备可以克服以上缺点。

选项分析 A．新设备是环保的(They are environment-friendly)；属于正确信息推断。

B．新设备并不比旧设备好(They are no better than the old)；属于“无中生有”型错误。

C．新设备在家中使用的费用更高(They cost more to use at home)；属于“无中生有”型错误。

D．新设备很快就过时了(They go out of style quickly)；属于“曲解文意”型错误。

得出结论

例子2

We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who

are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable

silence.

…

32．What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?

A．Addiction to smartphones.

B．Inappropriate behaviours in public places.

C．Absence of communication between strangers.

D．Impatience with slow service.

[解题示范]

细研题干定题型

细读语段明大意

由题干可知本题是对文章局部(第一段)进行深层理解的考查。

地点公共场合：①电梯中；②在银行排队中；③飞机上

由以上信息分析可知，A项正确。

人物 ①专注地盯着自己的手机；②苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中

A项为原文中的事实，不是推断出的内容。

细研干扰项

B项，文中提及的这些行为是否“合适”原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。

D项在原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。

该段提到在公共场合中，周围都是人的情况下，人们只是专注甄别选项定答案

断定

答案

地盯着自己的手机，或者苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中，从中可以推断出文章首段描述了陌生人之间缺少交流的现象。故选择C项。

例子3

[1]Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in

abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia's fields are little powerhouses

of nutritional protection.

[2]Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their

seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much

protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange

stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are

antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in

vitamin C.

[3]When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent

base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas

for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or

containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them

turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the

temperature of the freezer.

[4]If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced

fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity

for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine

and watching the ice cream come out below.

27．From which is the text probably taken?

A．A biology textbook.

C．A research paper.

[解题示范]

B．A health magazine.

D．A travel brochure.

细研题干定题型

文章内容

文章出处题。

本文介绍了丰收的七月给我们带来的多种浆果和核果，并告诉我们这些果实富含的营养成分和可以制作成各种美食。

第一段介绍了七月是水果丰富的季节；第二段介绍了各种莓类所含的营养成分；文章语气第三、四段介绍各种水果搭配的食用方法。在这一过程中作者使用了客观的语气，通俗易懂的方法，形象地说明了水果搭配的技巧。

确定答案本文是向大众介绍饮食方法，跟健康有关，应该出自健康杂志。所以B项正确。

三、高考真题

2021年6月新高考I卷（D篇）

Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional （情感的） intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost

everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as

character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills."

Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but

most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.

We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be

used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are

feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater

might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not

necessarily make one a moral person.

Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what

research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more

beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much

needed emphasis （重视）on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in

promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both

the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve

people adaptively in everyday life.

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we

hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study

of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new

perspectives （视角） from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional

intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right

direction.

2. Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2?

explain a rule. clarify a concept.

present a fact. make a prediction.

is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?

ble. rant. ul. r.

2021年6月全国甲卷（D篇）

Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.

Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol

for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself.

Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us?

And who are they?

In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of

European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the

victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When

contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different

color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.

A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less

likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even

worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid

activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our planet afford to

have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know

the answer: absolutely not.

Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're

all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the

more we will see that social factors（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine

the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with

“intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to

change the world."

does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?

're unfair. 're conservative.

're objective. 're strict.

can we infer about girls from the study in Science?

think themselves smart.

look up to great thinkers.

see gender differences earlier than boys.

are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.

2020年全国1卷（B篇）

Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend.

There’s a welcome familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has

changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s

what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.

The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our

present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with

reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now,

because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own

weight.

There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring,

is Ernest Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of

1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的 ), an aging writer looking

back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic

1975 ramble ( 随笔 ) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortázar’s

Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortázar.

While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might

add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful

and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.

The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that

has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.

( )What can we infer about the author from the text?

A. He teaches reading. B. He’s an editor.

C. He’s very ambitious. D. He loves poetry.

2020 全国卷I卷（C篇）

Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most

likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.

Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer

Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon.

But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg

swing and one foot remain in contact ( 接触 ) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange

form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an

assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.

Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most

calculations, race walkers moving at

a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is

approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running,

which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.

However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg

says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their

body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4

times their body weight with each step.

As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s

knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place

considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might

want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should

probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It

takes some practice.

( )Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?

A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.

2020年全国III卷（D篇）

We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years

ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes ( 基因 ), they are finding examples of human

evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to

living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained

a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.

On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of

adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in

Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known,

number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have

traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in

coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Rodney C. Jubilado, a

University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.

Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines.

They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that

they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could

see them actually walking under the sea.”

In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of

Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to

the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “It seemed like

the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said

there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.

( )What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?

A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.

2020年山东卷（C篇）

In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after

seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted

to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the

Aral Sea.

His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing

the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip

from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow

drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the

people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his

colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of

foreign aid workers.

This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its

darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on

his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In

Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral (葬礼) followed by a strange drinking party. And in

B. Recent findings of human origin.

C. New knowledge of human evolution. D. Significance of food selection.

Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles

from the sea.

Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his

tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and

references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains,

this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the

result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.

( )What is the purpose of this text?

A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.

C. To remember a writer.

2020年1月浙江卷（A篇）

I never knew anyone who’d grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway,

our librarian. She ran Jackson’s Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big

black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she

sent you straight back home to change your clothes. I was willing; I would do anything to

read.

My mother was not afraid of Mrs. Calloway. She wished me to have my own library

card to check out books for myself. She took me in to introduce me. “Eudora is nine years

old and has my permission to read any book she wants from the shelves, children or adults,”

Mother said.

Mrs. Calloway made her own rules about books. You could not take back a book to the

library on the same day you’d taken it out; it made no difference to her that you’d read every

word in it and needed another to start. You could take out two books at a time and two only.

So two by two, I read library books as fast as I could go, rushing them home in the basket of

my bicycle. From the minute I reached our house, I started to read. I knew this was extreme

happiness, knew it at the time.

My mother shared this feeling of mine. Now, I think of her as reading so much of the

time while doing something else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of

the Wolf in a game of “Little Red Riding Hood” with my brother’s two daughters. She’d just

look up at the right time, long enough to answer — in character — “The better to eat you

with, my dear,” and go back to her place in the magazine article.

( )Which of the following best describes Mrs. Calloway?

A. Quiet.

A. A guidebook.

C. A news report.

B. Strict. C. Humorous.

B. A book review.

D. An autobiography.

D. Considerate.

( )Where is the text probably from?

D. To recommend a travel destination.

四、实战演练

A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in

areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department

of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary

equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components

required, though, are a 5＇5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a

container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a

neat little pack and fastened on your belt.

To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three

feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place

your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way

in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.

Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and

weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with

45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more

than three inches above, the cup.

The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off

into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and

won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.

32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?

A. It’s delicate.

C. It’s complex.

35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form.

A. the plastic tube

C. the open air

When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983,two scientists, Jack Schultz

and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular

smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant

and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as

volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.

B. outside the hole

D. beneath the sheet

B. It’s expensive.

D. It’s portable.

Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s

way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours

react.

Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double

duty .They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the

attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned .The attacker who are natural enemies to the

attackers . Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes

lunch.

In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The

damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors ,relatively speaking ,stay safer

because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.

Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant

just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was

talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was

exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.

Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more

intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot

going on.

can we infer from the last paragraph?

A. The word is changing faster than ever.

B. People have stronger senses than before

C. The world is more complex than it seems

D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.

Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy

sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups. It was a scene that had been repeated many times

in the theater’s 75-year history. This time, however, the cleanup was a little different. As one

group of workers carried out the rubbish, another group began removing seats and other theater

equipment in preparation for the building’s end.

The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater. Though

the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to

say good-be to the old building. Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it

seemed appropriate. The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to

close down.

Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to

compete. He added that the theater’s location(位置) was also a reason. “This used to be the center

of town,” he said. “Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.”

Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater

into a museum and public meeting place. However, these plans were abandoned because of

financial problems. Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans

to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.

The theater audience said good-by as Bradford locked the doors for the last time. After 75

years the Plaza Theater has shown its last movie. The theater will be missed.

25. Why was The Last Picture Show put on?

A. It was an all-time classic.

town.

C. The audience requested it.

27. What can we infer about the audience?

A. They are disappointed with Bradford.

B. They are sad to part with the old theater.

C. They are supportive of the city officials.

D. They are eager to have a shopping center.

After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.

Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone

wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.

Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the

continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the

1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north

into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.

The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations —

major food sources (来源) for the wolf – grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of

vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote

populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’ s red foxes, and

completely drove away the park’ s beavers.

As early as 1966,biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to

Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems.

Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or

pets.

The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.

Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at , deer, and

coyote populations are down, while beavers and red fores have made a comeback. The

D. The theater owner found it suitable.

B. It was about the history of the

Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to

reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.

is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？

A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.

The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a

mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers

and to discover where the key stress points are.

Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and

well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.

Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for

older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.

These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent

speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or

in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to

get out and about without having to rely on others.”

“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results

in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their

driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”

Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is

helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we

might use technology to address these problems.

“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but

surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were

more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of

systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.

“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that

older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”

is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?

A. It keeps them independent.

B. It helps them save time.

C. It builds up their strength.

D. It cures their mental illnesses.

do researchers hope to do for older drivers?

A. Improve their driving skills.

B. Develop driver-assist technologies.

C. Provide tips on repairing their cars.

D. Organize regular physical checkups.

It was a cold March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy

softball were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm,

Eighth-grader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play.

The two didn’t know each other well — Taylor had just moved to town a month or so before.

Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground, “Paris’s eye rolled back,” Taylor says. “She started

shaking. I knew it was an emergency.”

It certainly was, Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care,

Paris would die. At first no one moved. The girls were in shock. Then the softball coach shouted

out, “Does anyone know CPR?”

CPR is a life-saving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick person’s chest so that blood

moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen the brain is damaging

quickly.

Amazingly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didn’t

think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began

doing CPR, “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death,” says Taylor.

Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to

get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic devices(器械) that can shock the

heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Paris’ heartbeat returned.

“I know I was really lucky,” Paris says now. “Most people don’t survive this. My team saved

my life.”

Experts say Paris is right: For a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is

having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.

Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a

nurse. “I feel more confident in my actions now,” Taylor says. “I know I can act under pressure in

a scary situation.”

does Paris say she was lucky?

A. She made a worthy friend.

B. She recovered from shock.

C. She received immediate CPR.

D. She came back on the softball team.

of the following words can best describe Taylor?

A. Enthusiastic and kind.

B. Courageous and calm.

C. Cooperative and generous.

D. Ambitious and professional.

Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly

wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But

the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and

misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported

in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.

The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When

vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected.

This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those

who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on

whom the vaccine doesn’t work.

But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse

vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.

That’s exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange

County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a

17-year-old caused an outbreak last year.

The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small

risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.

Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加) of what are

supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow

parents to get an exemption（豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally

object to a vaccine.

Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But

no one does enough to limit exemptions.

Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal

opinions? Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but they’ll

exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.

65. What is the main reason for the comeback of measles?

A．The overuse of vaccine.

B．The lack of medical care.

C．The features of measles itself.

D．The vaccine opt-outs of some people.

Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is

just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become

extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known

mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If

we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively

interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose

which we really desire.”

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with

living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor

is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the

machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single

instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off

switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we

could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose

objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.

The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of

computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of

firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.

Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure

against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.

Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not

easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But

the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some

argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not

possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if

super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super

intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford

stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these

atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the

neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.

67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .

A. run out of human control

B. satisfy human’s real desires

C. command armies of killer robots

D. work faster than a mathematician

68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be

able to .

A. prevent themselves from being destroyed

B achieve their original goals independently

C. do anything successfully with given orders

D. beat humans in international chess matches

69. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to .

A. help super intelligent machines work better

B. be secure against evil human beings

C. keep machines from being harmed

D. avoid robots’ affecting the world

70. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?

A. It will disappear with the development of AI.

B. It will get worse with human interference.

C. It will be solved but with difficulty.

D. It will stay for a decade.

Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a

hill for a panoramic(全景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused

to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.

Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted

herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the

view.

Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I

would eventually take, I grew frustrated. Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just

one picture of the landscape? Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me from

doing so. She seemed so content in her observation. I didn’t want to mess with that.

Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take

the photo anyway. And now when I look at it, I think her presence in the photo is what makes the

image interesting. The landscape, beautiful on its own, somehow comes to life and breathes

because this woman is engaging with it.

This photo, with the unique beauty that unfolded before me and that woman who “ruined” it,

now hangs on a wall in my bedroom. What would she think if she knew that her figure is

captured(捕捉) and frozen on some stranger’s bedroom wall? A bedroom, after all, is a very

private space, in which some woman I don’t even know has been immortalized(使……永存). In

some ways, she lives in my house.

Perhaps we all live in each others’ space. Perhaps this is what photos are for: to remind us

that we all appreciate beauty, that we all share a common desire for pleasure, for connection, for

something that is greater than us.

That photo is a reminder, a captured moment, an unspoken conversation between two women,

separated only by a thin square of glass.

44. The photo on the bedroom wall enables the author to better understand ________.

A. the need to be close to nature

B. the importance of private space

C. the joy of the vacation in Italy

D. the shared passion for beauty

10.

This month, Germany’s transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules

for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the driver’s role in such cars and

govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.

The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles:

the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless

future.

Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal

injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human

removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email, say — the car’s maker is

responsible if there is a crash.

“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,” says Dobrindt. It

will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.

Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers,

consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all,” says

Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.

An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduces earlier this year, insists

that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.

But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you

say ‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless cars.”Merat says. “You know — no driver.”

Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully

automated without operation.

Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own,

says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore,

where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.

That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take

over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here,” says

Calo.

47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to __________.

A. stop people from breaking traffic rules

B. help promote fully automatic driving

C. protect drivers of all ages and races

D. prevent serious property damage