2024年4月26日发(作者：少童童)
第 40 卷 第 4 期
2019 年 4 月
焊 接 学 报
TRANSACTIONS OF THE CHINA WELDING INSTITUTION
Vol.40(4):133 − 136
April 2019
Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎焊钼的钎缝组织分析
纠永涛， 路全彬， 何 鹏， 王德智， 龙伟民
11231
(1. 郑州机械研究所 新型钎焊材料与技术国家重点实验室，郑州 450001；2. 哈尔滨工业大学 先进焊接与连接
国家重点实验室，哈尔滨 150001；3. University of Houston, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Houston)
摘 要： 采用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶钎料真空钎焊钼，获得Mo/Mo钎焊接头，研究钎焊过程液态钎料与母材的
相互作用. 结果表明，液态Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料与钼发生扩散–溶解，即母材钼向钎料中的溶解和钎料组分向
母材的扩散. 随钎焊温度的升高，钼向钎料中溶解量增加，凝固后钼主要固溶在Ti基固溶体内；随钎焊温度的升
高，发生钎料组分向母材晶间的扩散，当温度为900 ℃时，发生显著的晶间渗入现象. 为得到良好的钎焊接头，避
免母材过量溶解和晶间渗入的发生，Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料真空钎焊钼温度不宜高于900 ℃.
关键词： Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni；Mo/Mo钎焊接头；晶间渗入；溶解；扩散
中图分类号：TG 425 文献标识码：A doi：10.12073/.2019400113
0 序 言
钼属于稀有金属，钼及钼合金具有熔点和沸点
高、蒸气压很低、密度高、高温硬度和高温强度高等
诸多优良的高温综合性能，在金属加工、电子工业、
航天航空和核工业以及军事等领域都有着非常广
泛的应用
[1-2]
1 试验方法
采用名义成分为Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni(质量分
数，%)非晶钎料真空钎焊Mo/Mo接头. 非晶钎料
厚度为100 μm. 母材为40 mm × 10 mm × 5 mm的
纯钼板，钎焊接头为搭接方式，搭接面积为5 mm ×
10 mm. 钎焊前对钎料与母材进行化学清理.
钎焊炉为ZGS-120，真空钎焊工艺见表1，真空
度为1 × 10
Pa. 采用常规方法制备金相试样，采
用Phenom XL台式扫描电镜结合EDS分析钎缝组
织和微区成分.
. 随着钼及钼合金应用的日益广泛，且
结构器件中形状日趋复杂，对钼及钼合金的焊接提
出了更高的要求. 钼及钼合金传统的焊接方法有电
子束焊接、激光焊接、扩散焊、搅拌摩擦焊等方
法
[3-4]
−3
.
钎焊有焊接精度高、一次可焊多道焊缝、生产
效率高等优点. 非晶态Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料
具有成分均匀、焊接强度高、耐蚀性和耐热性等诸
多优点，被广泛应用于钛及钛合金、金属间化合
物
[6]
[5]
表 1 钎料熔化温度及真空钎焊工艺参数
Table 1 Melting temperature of filler metals and vacuum
brazing process parameters
熔化区间温度T
r
/℃钎焊温度T
q
/℃
870
保温时间t/min
12
12
12
12
以及氧化物陶瓷
[7]
的钎焊. 但用非晶态Ti-
815 ~ 833
37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料钎焊钼合金特别是纯钼的
研究还鲜有报道.
文中采用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶态钎料，
研究了在不同的真空钎焊工艺条件下，钎焊温度对
Mo/Mo钎焊接头微观组织的影响，优化钎焊工艺，
为形成规范的钼及钼合金的钎焊工艺提供技术
支持.
收稿日期：2017 − 12 − 04
基金项目：国家国际科技合作计划项目(2015DFA50470)；河南省科技创
新人才计划项目(杰青)(0)
900
930
950
2 试验结果与分析
2.1 Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶钎料元素分布
图1所示为制备的Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶
态钎料面扫描分析，可以看出，非晶态钎料成分分
布非常均匀，无明显的元素偏聚现象.
134
焊 接 学 报第 40 卷
100 μm
(a) 面扫描截面微观形貌
(b) Ti 元素(c) Zr 元素
(d) Cu 元素(e) Ni 元素
图 1 Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶态钎料面扫描分析
Fig. 1 Surface scanning of amorphous brazing alloy of Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni
2.2 钎料与母材相互作用及母材的变化
图2为纯钼在钎焊前的金相组织图，从图中可
以看出，钎焊前的钼的组织主要为带状轧制组织.
图3所示为钎焊接头钎缝形貌及钎缝面扫描
分析. 可以看出，采用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶钎
料，真空钎焊Mo/Mo接头，钎焊界面结合良好，钎
料与母材界面清晰，无明显的气孔、夹渣等缺陷，钎
料与母材形成了良好的冶金结合，钎缝中心区组织
为Ti基固溶体(图3中深色相，固溶有Zr，Ni，Cu
或Mo)和Zr基固溶体(图3中浅色相，固溶有Ti，
Ni，Cu或Mo)，界面反应区很窄，没有观察到化合
物反应层. 不同温度下，液态钎料与母材相互作用
不同，发生了不同程度的晶间渗入和钼向钎料中的
溶解，凝固后，钎缝组织发生了变化.
100 μm
钼的溶解与在钎缝中的分布：从图3可以看
出，液态钎料与固态钼接触时，当达到一定的温度
后，固态金属钼晶格内的原子结合被破坏，它们同
图 2 钎焊前钼的金相组织
Fig. 2 Metallographic structure of Mo before brazing
第 4 期纠永涛，等：Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎焊钼的钎缝组织分析
135
A 区
晶间渗入
晶间渗入
Mo
30 μm
Mo
30 μm
Mo
30 μm
Mo
30 μm
MoMo
(a) 870 °C(b) 900 °C
Mo
(c) 930 °C
Mo
(d) 950 °C
图 3 Mo/Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni/Mo钎焊接头钎缝形貌及面扫描分析
Fig. 3 Microstructure and surface scanning of Mo/Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni/Mo brazed joint
液态钎料的原子形成新的键，分布于界面处. 870 ℃，
钼向钎缝内溶解量较少，钼向钎料中少量溶解，从
面扫描分析结果看，钼没有发生明显的聚集. 图4
为900 ℃钎焊时晶间渗入面扫描分析(图3中
A区)，结合图3b ~ 3d及图4可以看出，900 ℃时，
钼向钎料中溶解量增加，从面扫描结果中可明显看
出钼的聚集. 钎缝凝固后钼固溶在Ti基固溶体中，
由于钼对钎料的稀释，钎缝中Ti基固溶体(深色
相)分布不均匀性增加. 随着钎焊温度的升高，钼继
续向钎料中溶解，当钎焊温度升高到950 ℃时，钼
原子扩散至整个钎缝区，且固溶于Ti固溶体中.
晶间渗入：用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料钎焊
Mo/Mo时，发生液态钎料组元向母材钼扩散和晶间
渗入现象. 在870 ℃钎焊时，钎料组分Ti，Zr向母
钎料
晶间渗入
10 μm
(a) 图 3b 中 A 区放大(b) Mo 元素(c) Ti 元素
(d) Zr 元素(e) Cu 元素(f) Ni 元素
图 4 900 ℃钎焊时晶间渗入面扫描分析(图3中A区)
Fig. 4 Surface scanning of intergranular penetration of brazed joint at 900 ℃(area A of Fig. 3)
136
焊 接 学 报第 40 卷
材表面扩散，此时没有观察到晶间渗入现象. 当钎
焊温度达到900 ℃时，液态钎料的流动能力增强，
除了表面扩散外，钎料组元向母材晶间渗入，如图3，
图4所示，可观察到明显的晶间渗入现象.
晶粒长大：由图3和图4对比可知，当钎焊温
度为870 ℃时，母材钼已发生再结晶现象，当钎焊
温度达到900 ℃时，可观察到晶粒长大现象. 文
献[8]介绍，钼的再结晶温度约为1 100 ℃ ± 50 ℃，
钎焊温度不要超过1 000 ℃. 研究表明，900 ℃时，
钼已经出现晶粒长大的现象且伴随有Ti-37.5Zr-
15Cu-10Ni钎料晶间渗入的现象.
2.3 钎焊温度与钎缝厚度
从图3中各个温度下的钎缝微观形貌可以观
察出，随着钎焊温度的升高，钎缝厚度逐渐变薄，其
变化趋势如图5所示. 钎缝厚度逐渐变薄，主要的
原因是，钎焊温度不同，母材的膨胀程度不同，母材
膨胀引起的对钎缝的压缩程度不同，温度越高，对
钎缝的压缩作用越明显，并且温度升高，液态钎料
的流动性会增强，所以导致钎缝厚度随着钎焊温度
的升高而逐渐变薄
.
70
60
m
μ
/
H
度
50
厚
缝
钎
40
30
860880900
920940
温度 T/°C
图 5 钎缝厚度与钎焊温度的关系
Fig. 5 Correlation between the thickness and tempe-
rature of the brazing
3 结 论
(1)采用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶钎料钎焊
Mo/Mo，钎焊接头冶金结合良好.
(2)液态Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料与钼发生相
互扩散作用，即母材钼向钎料中的溶解和钎料组分
向母材的扩散. 随钎焊温度的升高，钼向钎料中溶
解量增加，凝固后钼主要固溶于Ti基固溶体中.
(3)钼在870 ℃时已发生再结晶现象，当温度
达到900 ℃时，已观察到明显的晶粒长大现象.
(4)采用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶钎料钎焊
Mo/Mo，钎焊温度达到900 ℃时，发生明显的液态
钎料向母材钼的晶界渗入现象，为避免晶界渗入和
钼的过量溶解，钎焊温度不宜高于900 ℃.
(5)随着钎焊温度的升高，钎缝厚度逐渐变薄.
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第一作者简介：纠永涛，男，1985年出生，博士. 主要从事先
进钎焊材料及工艺的研究. 发表论文10余篇. Email:
jiuyongtao@
通信作者简介：龙伟民，男，研究员，博士研究生导师. Email:
brazelong@
VITRANSACTIONS OF THE CHINA WELDING INSTITUTION2019, Vol. 40, No. 4
of the main moving parts, the Monte Carlo method was used to
obtain the probability distribution and overall characteristics of
two error indicators. The results showed that the design of the
device was feasible.
Key words: piping system welding；pipe joint；posi-
tioning device
Feature analysis and defect recognition of ultrasonic
detection signal for spot welding of sheet WU Gang
1
GUAN Shanyue
1
， WANG Xiaokai
2,3
，
， WANG Bin
2,3
(1.
College of Mechanical and Power Engineering, China Three
Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China；2. Hubei Key
Laboratory of Modern Automotive Components and
Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan
430070, China；3. Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for
Automotive Components and Technology, Wuhan 430070,
China). pp 112-118
Abstract: Based on the finite element simulation
models of spot welding ultrasonic detection for low carbon
steel and Fast Fourier Transform, the frequency spectrums of
four kinds of simulated signals, such as pore, deep indentation,
small nugget, loose weld, were obtained. And the time domain
and frequency domain features of signals were extracted
respectively by statistical methods. By analyzing the
propagation rules of ultrasonic in different defect spot welds
and the change rules of features, the recognition methods of
different defects types of spot welding were summarized. The
method was used to identify the defects of a large number of
spot welding samples by ultrasonic testing signals, and the
results were compared with the metallographic test results. The
results showed that the time domain and frequency domain
features of ultrasonic detection signals were effectively
recognized the types of spot welding defects.
Key words: sheet spot welding；ultrasonic testing；fea-
tures extraction
；defects recognition
Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and hardness of
Ti
2
AlNb linear friction welding joint HE Jianchao，
ZHANG Tiancang， LI Ju (Aeronautical Key Laboratory for
Welding and Joining Technologies, Beijing Aeronautical
Manufacturing Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100024,
China). pp 119-124
Abstract: Linear friction welding (LFW) test and post-
weld heat treatment of welded joints of Ti
2
AlNb alloy were
carried out. The microstructure evolution in recrystallization
zone and thermo-mechanical affected zone of Ti
2
AlNb LFW
joint with post heat treatment were analyzed. The results
showed that high quality joint of Ti
2
AlNb without microcrack
and microvoid could be formed by LFW. WZ (weld zone)
consisted of metastable β phase and few of twisted α
2
. TMAZ
was made of O phase, metastable β phase and much of twisted
α
2
phase. After heat treatment, metastable β broke down into O
lamina precipitate and the size of O lamina increased with the
temperature from 700 °C to 900 °C. Microhardness increased
obviously after heat treatment at 700 °C while it decreased with
the increasing of temperature.
Key words: intermetallic compound；linear friction
welding
；microstructure；heat treatment
Effect of zinc interlayer on Hook defects of aluminum alloy
ultrasonic assisted friction stir spot welding joint MA
Lin
1
， LI Mingshen
2
， WHEN Qi
2
， JI Shude
2
， ZHOU
Changzhuang
1
(1. School of Material Science and
Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang
110036, China；2. School of Aerospace and Engineering,
Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110036, China). pp
125-132
Abstract: Hook defect is one of the factors that restrict
the quality of aluminum alloy friction stir spot welding (FSSW)
joints. In this paper, a new process of ultrasonic friction stir
spot welding (UAFSSW) with zinc interlayer was proposed.
Ultrasonic vibration improved the fluidity of the material and
promoted the elements diffusion. Meanwhile, by adding pure
zinc interlayer, the rapid metallurgical bonding of Hook zone
materials can be realized, therefore, the quality of UAFSSW
joint can be improved. As the results shown, compared with
conventional UAFSSW method, adding zinc interlayer had
obvious positive effects on Hook forming of joint. Under
different heat input conditions, tensile-shear strengths of
UAFSSW joints increased by adding zinc interlayer. The
tensile-shear failure load of the joint obtained by adding zinc
interlayer method improves 21.36% and 12.79% than
conventional UAFSSW process when the rotational speed is
600 and 1 200 r/min, respectively.
Key words: aluminum alloy；ultrasonic friction stir
spot welding
；Hook defect；zinc interlayer
Investigations on the microstructure of Mo/Ti-37.5Zr-
15Cu-10Ni/Mo brazing seam JIU Yongtao
1
， LU
Quanbin
1
， HE Peng
2
， WANG Dezhi
3
， LONG Weiming
1
(1.
Zhengzhou State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler
Metals and Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute of
Mechanical Engineering, Zhenzhou 450001, China；2. State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China；3. School of
Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston,
Houston, America). pp 133-136
Abstract: Mo/Mo joints were prepared by brazing Mo
with Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni brazing filler metal. The
interaction between brazing filler metal and base metal was
studied. The results showed that the liquid Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-
10Ni and Mo were diffused and dissolved, the dissolution of
the base metal Mo into the brazing filler metal and the
diffusion of the brazing filler metal to the base metal. With the
increase of the brazing temperature, the amount of Mo
dissolved in the brazing filler metal increased, and the Mo was
mainly dissolved in the Ti solid solution after solidification.
With the increase of the brazing temperature, the brazing filler
metal diffused into grain boundaries and intergranular
2019, Vol. 40, No. 4TRANSACTIONS OF THE CHINA WELDING INSTITUTIONVII
penetration was observed when the brazing temperature was
900 °C. In order to obtain good joint quality, avoid excessive
dissolution of base metals and intergranular penetration, the
temperature brazing Mo with Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni should not
be higher than 900 °C.
Key words: Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni；Mo/Mo joints；in-
tergranular penetration
；dissolution；diffusion
Numerical simulation and mechanism study of grain
refinement during double pulsed wire arc additive
manufacturing WANG Leilei
1
， ZHANG Zhanhui
1
， XU
Dewei
2
， XUE Jiaxiang
1
， ZENG Min
1
(1. School of
Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China；2. State
Grid HLJ Electric Power T & T Engineering Co., Ltd., Harbin
150070, China). pp 137-140,147
Abstract: Arc additive manufacturing has the
advantages of low cost and high efficiency. However, there are
few reports on grain refinement. Double pulsed arc additive
manufacturing experiments were carried out by using self-
developed gas metal arc welding equipment, grain refinement
phenomenon was predicted by using the cooling rate;
experimental results also verified the grain refinement
phenomenon. Results indicated that remelting phenomenon
occurred near the trailing edge due to the expansion of the
molten pool. Therefore, double pulsed arc features higher
cooling rate and finer grain than conventional single pulsed arc
under same heat input. Grain refinement could be achieved by
changing pulsing parameters instead of conventionally
changing heat input.
Key words: double pulsed arc；arc additive manufac-
turing
；numerical simulation；grain refinement
Parameters optimization and character analysis of the zero-
weld-thinning friction stir welding process of aluminum
alloy GAO Yihan， GUO Xuming， MO Chunli (School of
Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace
University, Shenyang 110136, China). pp 141-147
Abstract: The welding parameters were optimized
based on the response surface method in order to improve the
mechanical properties of the zero-weld-thinning friction stir
welding joints. The response surface model and regression
analysis were built. The results showed that zero-weld-
thinning friction stir welding was a well-formed welding
process. The tensile properties of the joints were obviously
influenced by the welding parameters, the rotation speed and
welding speed had more significant effect. High rotation speed
and moderate welding speed should be selected to get better
welding joint without any defects. Under the condition of the
rotation speed of 1 000 r/min, the welding speed of 200
mm/min and the shoulder plunge depth of 0.25 mm, the tensile
strength of the joints reached to the maximum 363 MPa, which
was 94.3 percent of the base metal. The elongation was
11.2%. In comparison to conventional friction stir welding,
the mechanical properties of the zero-weld-thinning friction stir
welding joint were more homogeneous along thickness
direction.
Key words: friction stir welding；zero-weld-thinning；
response surface model
；mechanical properties
Effects of heat input on the intercrystalline corrosion
sensitivity of laser overlapped welded stainless steel joints
HAN Xiaohui
1
， YANG Zhibin
2
，
1
Zhen
3
ZHANG Zhiyi， LEI
， SHI Chunyuan
2
(1. Technical Engineering
Department，CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd., Qingdao
266111, China；2. School of Material Science and
Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028,
China；3. Harbin Welding Institute Limited Company, Harbin
150028, China). pp 148-153
Abstract: Effects of heat input on the intercrystalline
corrosion sensitivity of laser overlapped welded stainless steel
joints were studied by double-loop electrochemical
potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) method. The phase
composition and the main alloy composition of the joints were
examined with X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron
microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results
indicated that the intercrystalline corrosion of the joints was
more sensitive than that of base metal. Increasing the heat
input, the passivation range of the anode polarization curves
was gradually narrowed, the maintaining passivity current
density and the reactivation rate was increased, which indicated
that the intercrystalline corrosion sensitivity was increased.
Compared to the weld seam, the intercrystalline corrosion
tendency of the heat affected zone was more obvious. The heat
affected zone was the weakest zone of the joint in the
performance of intergranular corrosion resistance, and the main
reason of the increased intercrystalline corrosion sensitivity
was grain boundary poor chromium because of M
23
C
6
separated out on the grain boundary.
Key words: laser welding；stainless steel；intergranu-
lar corrosion
；DL-EPR
Effect of graphene nanosheets on melting point and
wettability of AgCuTi filler FAN Zhou， ZHANG Kun，
HU Min， JIANG Mingyan (School of Materials Science and
Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu
610000, China). pp 154-160
Abstract: Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) with different
mass fractions were added to the AgCuTi filler by ball milling.
The effects of trace amounts of graphene nanosheets on the
morphology, melting point and wettability of AgCuTi fillers
were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),
SEM and XRD. The results showed that the ball milling
method had no effect on the phase of the GNSs-AgCuTi
composite filler, and the graphene was uniformly dispersed
around the AgCuTi particles. The melting point of the
2024年4月26日发(作者：少童童)
第 40 卷 第 4 期
2019 年 4 月
焊 接 学 报
TRANSACTIONS OF THE CHINA WELDING INSTITUTION
Vol.40(4):133 − 136
April 2019
Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎焊钼的钎缝组织分析
纠永涛， 路全彬， 何 鹏， 王德智， 龙伟民
11231
(1. 郑州机械研究所 新型钎焊材料与技术国家重点实验室，郑州 450001；2. 哈尔滨工业大学 先进焊接与连接
国家重点实验室，哈尔滨 150001；3. University of Houston, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Houston)
摘 要： 采用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶钎料真空钎焊钼，获得Mo/Mo钎焊接头，研究钎焊过程液态钎料与母材的
相互作用. 结果表明，液态Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料与钼发生扩散–溶解，即母材钼向钎料中的溶解和钎料组分向
母材的扩散. 随钎焊温度的升高，钼向钎料中溶解量增加，凝固后钼主要固溶在Ti基固溶体内；随钎焊温度的升
高，发生钎料组分向母材晶间的扩散，当温度为900 ℃时，发生显著的晶间渗入现象. 为得到良好的钎焊接头，避
免母材过量溶解和晶间渗入的发生，Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料真空钎焊钼温度不宜高于900 ℃.
关键词： Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni；Mo/Mo钎焊接头；晶间渗入；溶解；扩散
中图分类号：TG 425 文献标识码：A doi：10.12073/.2019400113
0 序 言
钼属于稀有金属，钼及钼合金具有熔点和沸点
高、蒸气压很低、密度高、高温硬度和高温强度高等
诸多优良的高温综合性能，在金属加工、电子工业、
航天航空和核工业以及军事等领域都有着非常广
泛的应用
[1-2]
1 试验方法
采用名义成分为Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni(质量分
数，%)非晶钎料真空钎焊Mo/Mo接头. 非晶钎料
厚度为100 μm. 母材为40 mm × 10 mm × 5 mm的
纯钼板，钎焊接头为搭接方式，搭接面积为5 mm ×
10 mm. 钎焊前对钎料与母材进行化学清理.
钎焊炉为ZGS-120，真空钎焊工艺见表1，真空
度为1 × 10
Pa. 采用常规方法制备金相试样，采
用Phenom XL台式扫描电镜结合EDS分析钎缝组
织和微区成分.
. 随着钼及钼合金应用的日益广泛，且
结构器件中形状日趋复杂，对钼及钼合金的焊接提
出了更高的要求. 钼及钼合金传统的焊接方法有电
子束焊接、激光焊接、扩散焊、搅拌摩擦焊等方
法
[3-4]
−3
.
钎焊有焊接精度高、一次可焊多道焊缝、生产
效率高等优点. 非晶态Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料
具有成分均匀、焊接强度高、耐蚀性和耐热性等诸
多优点，被广泛应用于钛及钛合金、金属间化合
物
[6]
[5]
表 1 钎料熔化温度及真空钎焊工艺参数
Table 1 Melting temperature of filler metals and vacuum
brazing process parameters
熔化区间温度T
r
/℃钎焊温度T
q
/℃
870
保温时间t/min
12
12
12
12
以及氧化物陶瓷
[7]
的钎焊. 但用非晶态Ti-
815 ~ 833
37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料钎焊钼合金特别是纯钼的
研究还鲜有报道.
文中采用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶态钎料，
研究了在不同的真空钎焊工艺条件下，钎焊温度对
Mo/Mo钎焊接头微观组织的影响，优化钎焊工艺，
为形成规范的钼及钼合金的钎焊工艺提供技术
支持.
收稿日期：2017 − 12 − 04
基金项目：国家国际科技合作计划项目(2015DFA50470)；河南省科技创
新人才计划项目(杰青)(0)
900
930
950
2 试验结果与分析
2.1 Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶钎料元素分布
图1所示为制备的Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶
态钎料面扫描分析，可以看出，非晶态钎料成分分
布非常均匀，无明显的元素偏聚现象.
134
焊 接 学 报第 40 卷
100 μm
(a) 面扫描截面微观形貌
(b) Ti 元素(c) Zr 元素
(d) Cu 元素(e) Ni 元素
图 1 Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶态钎料面扫描分析
Fig. 1 Surface scanning of amorphous brazing alloy of Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni
2.2 钎料与母材相互作用及母材的变化
图2为纯钼在钎焊前的金相组织图，从图中可
以看出，钎焊前的钼的组织主要为带状轧制组织.
图3所示为钎焊接头钎缝形貌及钎缝面扫描
分析. 可以看出，采用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶钎
料，真空钎焊Mo/Mo接头，钎焊界面结合良好，钎
料与母材界面清晰，无明显的气孔、夹渣等缺陷，钎
料与母材形成了良好的冶金结合，钎缝中心区组织
为Ti基固溶体(图3中深色相，固溶有Zr，Ni，Cu
或Mo)和Zr基固溶体(图3中浅色相，固溶有Ti，
Ni，Cu或Mo)，界面反应区很窄，没有观察到化合
物反应层. 不同温度下，液态钎料与母材相互作用
不同，发生了不同程度的晶间渗入和钼向钎料中的
溶解，凝固后，钎缝组织发生了变化.
100 μm
钼的溶解与在钎缝中的分布：从图3可以看
出，液态钎料与固态钼接触时，当达到一定的温度
后，固态金属钼晶格内的原子结合被破坏，它们同
图 2 钎焊前钼的金相组织
Fig. 2 Metallographic structure of Mo before brazing
第 4 期纠永涛，等：Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎焊钼的钎缝组织分析
135
A 区
晶间渗入
晶间渗入
Mo
30 μm
Mo
30 μm
Mo
30 μm
Mo
30 μm
MoMo
(a) 870 °C(b) 900 °C
Mo
(c) 930 °C
Mo
(d) 950 °C
图 3 Mo/Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni/Mo钎焊接头钎缝形貌及面扫描分析
Fig. 3 Microstructure and surface scanning of Mo/Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni/Mo brazed joint
液态钎料的原子形成新的键，分布于界面处. 870 ℃，
钼向钎缝内溶解量较少，钼向钎料中少量溶解，从
面扫描分析结果看，钼没有发生明显的聚集. 图4
为900 ℃钎焊时晶间渗入面扫描分析(图3中
A区)，结合图3b ~ 3d及图4可以看出，900 ℃时，
钼向钎料中溶解量增加，从面扫描结果中可明显看
出钼的聚集. 钎缝凝固后钼固溶在Ti基固溶体中，
由于钼对钎料的稀释，钎缝中Ti基固溶体(深色
相)分布不均匀性增加. 随着钎焊温度的升高，钼继
续向钎料中溶解，当钎焊温度升高到950 ℃时，钼
原子扩散至整个钎缝区，且固溶于Ti固溶体中.
晶间渗入：用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料钎焊
Mo/Mo时，发生液态钎料组元向母材钼扩散和晶间
渗入现象. 在870 ℃钎焊时，钎料组分Ti，Zr向母
钎料
晶间渗入
10 μm
(a) 图 3b 中 A 区放大(b) Mo 元素(c) Ti 元素
(d) Zr 元素(e) Cu 元素(f) Ni 元素
图 4 900 ℃钎焊时晶间渗入面扫描分析(图3中A区)
Fig. 4 Surface scanning of intergranular penetration of brazed joint at 900 ℃(area A of Fig. 3)
136
焊 接 学 报第 40 卷
材表面扩散，此时没有观察到晶间渗入现象. 当钎
焊温度达到900 ℃时，液态钎料的流动能力增强，
除了表面扩散外，钎料组元向母材晶间渗入，如图3，
图4所示，可观察到明显的晶间渗入现象.
晶粒长大：由图3和图4对比可知，当钎焊温
度为870 ℃时，母材钼已发生再结晶现象，当钎焊
温度达到900 ℃时，可观察到晶粒长大现象. 文
献[8]介绍，钼的再结晶温度约为1 100 ℃ ± 50 ℃，
钎焊温度不要超过1 000 ℃. 研究表明，900 ℃时，
钼已经出现晶粒长大的现象且伴随有Ti-37.5Zr-
15Cu-10Ni钎料晶间渗入的现象.
2.3 钎焊温度与钎缝厚度
从图3中各个温度下的钎缝微观形貌可以观
察出，随着钎焊温度的升高，钎缝厚度逐渐变薄，其
变化趋势如图5所示. 钎缝厚度逐渐变薄，主要的
原因是，钎焊温度不同，母材的膨胀程度不同，母材
膨胀引起的对钎缝的压缩程度不同，温度越高，对
钎缝的压缩作用越明显，并且温度升高，液态钎料
的流动性会增强，所以导致钎缝厚度随着钎焊温度
的升高而逐渐变薄
.
70
60
m
μ
/
H
度
50
厚
缝
钎
40
30
860880900
920940
温度 T/°C
图 5 钎缝厚度与钎焊温度的关系
Fig. 5 Correlation between the thickness and tempe-
rature of the brazing
3 结 论
(1)采用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶钎料钎焊
Mo/Mo，钎焊接头冶金结合良好.
(2)液态Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni钎料与钼发生相
互扩散作用，即母材钼向钎料中的溶解和钎料组分
向母材的扩散. 随钎焊温度的升高，钼向钎料中溶
解量增加，凝固后钼主要固溶于Ti基固溶体中.
(3)钼在870 ℃时已发生再结晶现象，当温度
达到900 ℃时，已观察到明显的晶粒长大现象.
(4)采用Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni非晶钎料钎焊
Mo/Mo，钎焊温度达到900 ℃时，发生明显的液态
钎料向母材钼的晶界渗入现象，为避免晶界渗入和
钼的过量溶解，钎焊温度不宜高于900 ℃.
(5)随着钎焊温度的升高，钎缝厚度逐渐变薄.
参考文献：
[1]
郑振环, 李 强. 等离子喷涂钼层片组织和晶体取向的EBSD分
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Zheng Zhenhuan, Li Qiang. EBSD study on microstructure and
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[5]Ganjeh E, Sarkhosh H. Microstructural, mechanical and fracto-
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[6]Chen B, Xiong H P, Mao W, et al. Microstructures and properties
of Ti
3
Al/Ti
3
Al and Ti
3
Al/GH536 joints using Ti-37. 5Zr-15Cu-
10Ni brazing filler[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2010,
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张启运, 庄鸿寿. 钎焊手册-第2版[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社,
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第一作者简介：纠永涛，男，1985年出生，博士. 主要从事先
进钎焊材料及工艺的研究. 发表论文10余篇. Email:
jiuyongtao@
通信作者简介：龙伟民，男，研究员，博士研究生导师. Email:
brazelong@
VITRANSACTIONS OF THE CHINA WELDING INSTITUTION2019, Vol. 40, No. 4
of the main moving parts, the Monte Carlo method was used to
obtain the probability distribution and overall characteristics of
two error indicators. The results showed that the design of the
device was feasible.
Key words: piping system welding；pipe joint；posi-
tioning device
Feature analysis and defect recognition of ultrasonic
detection signal for spot welding of sheet WU Gang
1
GUAN Shanyue
1
， WANG Xiaokai
2,3
，
， WANG Bin
2,3
(1.
College of Mechanical and Power Engineering, China Three
Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China；2. Hubei Key
Laboratory of Modern Automotive Components and
Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan
430070, China；3. Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for
Automotive Components and Technology, Wuhan 430070,
China). pp 112-118
Abstract: Based on the finite element simulation
models of spot welding ultrasonic detection for low carbon
steel and Fast Fourier Transform, the frequency spectrums of
four kinds of simulated signals, such as pore, deep indentation,
small nugget, loose weld, were obtained. And the time domain
and frequency domain features of signals were extracted
respectively by statistical methods. By analyzing the
propagation rules of ultrasonic in different defect spot welds
and the change rules of features, the recognition methods of
different defects types of spot welding were summarized. The
method was used to identify the defects of a large number of
spot welding samples by ultrasonic testing signals, and the
results were compared with the metallographic test results. The
results showed that the time domain and frequency domain
features of ultrasonic detection signals were effectively
recognized the types of spot welding defects.
Key words: sheet spot welding；ultrasonic testing；fea-
tures extraction
；defects recognition
Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and hardness of
Ti
2
AlNb linear friction welding joint HE Jianchao，
ZHANG Tiancang， LI Ju (Aeronautical Key Laboratory for
Welding and Joining Technologies, Beijing Aeronautical
Manufacturing Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100024,
China). pp 119-124
Abstract: Linear friction welding (LFW) test and post-
weld heat treatment of welded joints of Ti
2
AlNb alloy were
carried out. The microstructure evolution in recrystallization
zone and thermo-mechanical affected zone of Ti
2
AlNb LFW
joint with post heat treatment were analyzed. The results
showed that high quality joint of Ti
2
AlNb without microcrack
and microvoid could be formed by LFW. WZ (weld zone)
consisted of metastable β phase and few of twisted α
2
. TMAZ
was made of O phase, metastable β phase and much of twisted
α
2
phase. After heat treatment, metastable β broke down into O
lamina precipitate and the size of O lamina increased with the
temperature from 700 °C to 900 °C. Microhardness increased
obviously after heat treatment at 700 °C while it decreased with
the increasing of temperature.
Key words: intermetallic compound；linear friction
welding
；microstructure；heat treatment
Effect of zinc interlayer on Hook defects of aluminum alloy
ultrasonic assisted friction stir spot welding joint MA
Lin
1
， LI Mingshen
2
， WHEN Qi
2
， JI Shude
2
， ZHOU
Changzhuang
1
(1. School of Material Science and
Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang
110036, China；2. School of Aerospace and Engineering,
Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110036, China). pp
125-132
Abstract: Hook defect is one of the factors that restrict
the quality of aluminum alloy friction stir spot welding (FSSW)
joints. In this paper, a new process of ultrasonic friction stir
spot welding (UAFSSW) with zinc interlayer was proposed.
Ultrasonic vibration improved the fluidity of the material and
promoted the elements diffusion. Meanwhile, by adding pure
zinc interlayer, the rapid metallurgical bonding of Hook zone
materials can be realized, therefore, the quality of UAFSSW
joint can be improved. As the results shown, compared with
conventional UAFSSW method, adding zinc interlayer had
obvious positive effects on Hook forming of joint. Under
different heat input conditions, tensile-shear strengths of
UAFSSW joints increased by adding zinc interlayer. The
tensile-shear failure load of the joint obtained by adding zinc
interlayer method improves 21.36% and 12.79% than
conventional UAFSSW process when the rotational speed is
600 and 1 200 r/min, respectively.
Key words: aluminum alloy；ultrasonic friction stir
spot welding
；Hook defect；zinc interlayer
Investigations on the microstructure of Mo/Ti-37.5Zr-
15Cu-10Ni/Mo brazing seam JIU Yongtao
1
， LU
Quanbin
1
， HE Peng
2
， WANG Dezhi
3
， LONG Weiming
1
(1.
Zhengzhou State Key Laboratory of Advanced Brazing Filler
Metals and Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute of
Mechanical Engineering, Zhenzhou 450001, China；2. State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China；3. School of
Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston,
Houston, America). pp 133-136
Abstract: Mo/Mo joints were prepared by brazing Mo
with Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni brazing filler metal. The
interaction between brazing filler metal and base metal was
studied. The results showed that the liquid Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-
10Ni and Mo were diffused and dissolved, the dissolution of
the base metal Mo into the brazing filler metal and the
diffusion of the brazing filler metal to the base metal. With the
increase of the brazing temperature, the amount of Mo
dissolved in the brazing filler metal increased, and the Mo was
mainly dissolved in the Ti solid solution after solidification.
With the increase of the brazing temperature, the brazing filler
metal diffused into grain boundaries and intergranular
2019, Vol. 40, No. 4TRANSACTIONS OF THE CHINA WELDING INSTITUTIONVII
penetration was observed when the brazing temperature was
900 °C. In order to obtain good joint quality, avoid excessive
dissolution of base metals and intergranular penetration, the
temperature brazing Mo with Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni should not
be higher than 900 °C.
Key words: Ti-37.5Zr-15Cu-10Ni；Mo/Mo joints；in-
tergranular penetration
；dissolution；diffusion
Numerical simulation and mechanism study of grain
refinement during double pulsed wire arc additive
manufacturing WANG Leilei
1
， ZHANG Zhanhui
1
， XU
Dewei
2
， XUE Jiaxiang
1
， ZENG Min
1
(1. School of
Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China；2. State
Grid HLJ Electric Power T & T Engineering Co., Ltd., Harbin
150070, China). pp 137-140,147
Abstract: Arc additive manufacturing has the
advantages of low cost and high efficiency. However, there are
few reports on grain refinement. Double pulsed arc additive
manufacturing experiments were carried out by using self-
developed gas metal arc welding equipment, grain refinement
phenomenon was predicted by using the cooling rate;
experimental results also verified the grain refinement
phenomenon. Results indicated that remelting phenomenon
occurred near the trailing edge due to the expansion of the
molten pool. Therefore, double pulsed arc features higher
cooling rate and finer grain than conventional single pulsed arc
under same heat input. Grain refinement could be achieved by
changing pulsing parameters instead of conventionally
changing heat input.
Key words: double pulsed arc；arc additive manufac-
turing
；numerical simulation；grain refinement
Parameters optimization and character analysis of the zero-
weld-thinning friction stir welding process of aluminum
alloy GAO Yihan， GUO Xuming， MO Chunli (School of
Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace
University, Shenyang 110136, China). pp 141-147
Abstract: The welding parameters were optimized
based on the response surface method in order to improve the
mechanical properties of the zero-weld-thinning friction stir
welding joints. The response surface model and regression
analysis were built. The results showed that zero-weld-
thinning friction stir welding was a well-formed welding
process. The tensile properties of the joints were obviously
influenced by the welding parameters, the rotation speed and
welding speed had more significant effect. High rotation speed
and moderate welding speed should be selected to get better
welding joint without any defects. Under the condition of the
rotation speed of 1 000 r/min, the welding speed of 200
mm/min and the shoulder plunge depth of 0.25 mm, the tensile
strength of the joints reached to the maximum 363 MPa, which
was 94.3 percent of the base metal. The elongation was
11.2%. In comparison to conventional friction stir welding,
the mechanical properties of the zero-weld-thinning friction stir
welding joint were more homogeneous along thickness
direction.
Key words: friction stir welding；zero-weld-thinning；
response surface model
；mechanical properties
Effects of heat input on the intercrystalline corrosion
sensitivity of laser overlapped welded stainless steel joints
HAN Xiaohui
1
， YANG Zhibin
2
，
1
Zhen
3
ZHANG Zhiyi， LEI
， SHI Chunyuan
2
(1. Technical Engineering
Department，CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd., Qingdao
266111, China；2. School of Material Science and
Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028,
China；3. Harbin Welding Institute Limited Company, Harbin
150028, China). pp 148-153
Abstract: Effects of heat input on the intercrystalline
corrosion sensitivity of laser overlapped welded stainless steel
joints were studied by double-loop electrochemical
potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) method. The phase
composition and the main alloy composition of the joints were
examined with X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron
microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results
indicated that the intercrystalline corrosion of the joints was
more sensitive than that of base metal. Increasing the heat
input, the passivation range of the anode polarization curves
was gradually narrowed, the maintaining passivity current
density and the reactivation rate was increased, which indicated
that the intercrystalline corrosion sensitivity was increased.
Compared to the weld seam, the intercrystalline corrosion
tendency of the heat affected zone was more obvious. The heat
affected zone was the weakest zone of the joint in the
performance of intergranular corrosion resistance, and the main
reason of the increased intercrystalline corrosion sensitivity
was grain boundary poor chromium because of M
23
C
6
separated out on the grain boundary.
Key words: laser welding；stainless steel；intergranu-
lar corrosion
；DL-EPR
Effect of graphene nanosheets on melting point and
wettability of AgCuTi filler FAN Zhou， ZHANG Kun，
HU Min， JIANG Mingyan (School of Materials Science and
Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu
610000, China). pp 154-160
Abstract: Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) with different
mass fractions were added to the AgCuTi filler by ball milling.
The effects of trace amounts of graphene nanosheets on the
morphology, melting point and wettability of AgCuTi fillers
were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),
SEM and XRD. The results showed that the ball milling
method had no effect on the phase of the GNSs-AgCuTi
composite filler, and the graphene was uniformly dispersed
around the AgCuTi particles. The melting point of the