2024年6月11日发(作者：母夏璇)
本科·英语语法·语态（被动态）
英语有两种语态形式：主动语态和被动语态。后者是带有be + ed分词的复杂动词形式，我们的讨论
主要集中在被动语态上。许多动作都牵涉到两个人或物。一个是动作的执行者，一个是动作的承受者，
前者被看作是“发出者”，后者是“承受者”。语态是一种语法范畴，它使我们用其中的任何一种来看出
句子表达的动作，而不改变其意义：
I. Shakespeare wrote the play. (active)
II. The play was written by Shakespeare. (passive)
从上面的两个句子我们可以看出被动语态可以表达出和主动语态一样的意思。在这种情况下，句法
的选择主要是由说话者的观点、风格因素，或是由上下文句子所需要的某种信息顺序来决定。大多数被
动语态都是be型被动式，有时也用get型被动形式。尽管它们的意义上有差别，但经常可以互换。被动
语态句子一般被看做是它们相应的主动语态句子转换过来，然而正如我们所看到的，并非所有的主动句
都能转变为被动句，且并非所有的含有及物动词的句子都可以转为被动语态。由于许多态制约，使得它
们的转变在语义上、语法上、风格上不能接受。介词短语by+ 动作的执行者在被动语态中经常由于各种
原因被省去，这多是由于上下文清楚所致。另外，多字词和非限定性动词的被动语态也很常用，在这种
情况下，它的用法有独特的特征。
一、被动态的类型：
类型 特点
较长用，能在不同
时、体形式中，而
且可以和不同的
情态助动词、半助
动词连用。一般不
使用被动完成进
行体，但偶尔也使
用。
举例
(1)He is respected by everyone in the community.
(2)My car was stolen last week.
(3)The house is being redecorated at the moment.
(4)This can be done in different ways.
(5)He has never been beaten at tennis.
(6)This sports meet is going to be put of until the end of the month.
(7)He’s been being interviewed in the past hour.
be型
不常用且一般不(1)I. The children were punished. 孩子们受到惩罚。
用在正式的语体 II. The children got punished. 孩子们得到了处罚。
中。从语义上讲，(2)I. Can the ship be seen on the horizon? 能看到地平线上的船吗?
常常指动作而不
是状态，指结果而
不是过程，强调承
受结果的主语所
get型
生的事情而不强
调谁发出的这个
动作。为此，句子
中的动词常常是
动作动词，by+动
作发出者常省去，
经常有一个表示
结果的副词，像
eventually, finally,
as a result等。
假性
II. Can the ship get seen on the horizon?
(3)I. I want you to watch carefully how the machine is being operated.
II. I want you to watch carefully how the machine is getting operated.
(4)I. The play was written by Shakespeare.
II. The play got written by Shakespeare.
(5)The book eventually got translated into Chinese.
(6)They got taught a lesson as a result.
在形式上是被动
(1)I’m very interested in the position they’ve offered me.
i
的，意义上却是主
(2)He got completely confused.
动的。它的ed分词
(3)She felt annoyed at his negligence at work.
是形容词化的，所
(4)They became more and more amused at what he was doing to the
以在SVC的结构中
dog.
它是主语的补充。
(5)You look tired.
作为形容词，它可
以用在比较结构
中，可以带各种介
词短语而不是by
词组，而且也可以
和be, get以外的其
它系动词连用。
二、态制约
类型 特点 举例
就主——被动转变
(1) I. I have a lot of friends.
而言，动词受制约 II.A lot of friends are had by me. (×)
较大。除了不及物
(2) I. He lacks sense of humor.
动词不能用在被动 II. Sence of humor is lacked by him. (×)
语态外，还有其它
(3) I. Some people survived the genocide.
一些及物动词通常 II. The genocide was survived by a few people. (×)
也不用在被动语态
(4)It is rumored that there will be an earthquake in the next two week.
中。而有的及物动
(5)The ship is scheduled to arrive to tomorrow.
词通常只用于被动
语态（见第（45）
句）。
语
法
制
约
宾语和主语互为关
(1)I treated myself a substantial meal at Christmas.
系时，没有与主动
(2)They will love each other.
态相应的被动态；
(3)They helped one another during the rescue mission.
宾语是从句时，一
(4)He raised his hand.
般也没有相应的被
(5)He said that he was innocent.
动结构，当然如果
(6)They didn’t know whether they would arrive there on time.
用先行词来替代宾
(7)I want to talk to your parents.
语从句，其被动态
(8)She enjoys being flattered.
是可以接受的。
(9)It is said that he managed to escape punishment.
(10)It was announced when the president would deliver his resignation
speech.
(11)It was decided to sell the remaining stock.
当动作执行者没有
(1)The house was built last year.
明确提到，或从上
(2)It is said that she is looking forward to her third marriage.
下文也无法推测
时，这时就没有相
应的主动态句子。
主动态和其相应的
(1-1)Few students have read many books in this school.
被动态在不考虑其
(1-2)Many books have been read by few students in this school.
ii
动
词
制
约
宾
语
制
约
信
息
缺
损
语义制约
2024年6月11日发(作者：母夏璇)
本科·英语语法·语态（被动态）
英语有两种语态形式：主动语态和被动语态。后者是带有be + ed分词的复杂动词形式，我们的讨论
主要集中在被动语态上。许多动作都牵涉到两个人或物。一个是动作的执行者，一个是动作的承受者，
前者被看作是“发出者”，后者是“承受者”。语态是一种语法范畴，它使我们用其中的任何一种来看出
句子表达的动作，而不改变其意义：
I. Shakespeare wrote the play. (active)
II. The play was written by Shakespeare. (passive)
从上面的两个句子我们可以看出被动语态可以表达出和主动语态一样的意思。在这种情况下，句法
的选择主要是由说话者的观点、风格因素，或是由上下文句子所需要的某种信息顺序来决定。大多数被
动语态都是be型被动式，有时也用get型被动形式。尽管它们的意义上有差别，但经常可以互换。被动
语态句子一般被看做是它们相应的主动语态句子转换过来，然而正如我们所看到的，并非所有的主动句
都能转变为被动句，且并非所有的含有及物动词的句子都可以转为被动语态。由于许多态制约，使得它
们的转变在语义上、语法上、风格上不能接受。介词短语by+ 动作的执行者在被动语态中经常由于各种
原因被省去，这多是由于上下文清楚所致。另外，多字词和非限定性动词的被动语态也很常用，在这种
情况下，它的用法有独特的特征。
一、被动态的类型：
类型 特点
较长用，能在不同
时、体形式中，而
且可以和不同的
情态助动词、半助
动词连用。一般不
使用被动完成进
行体，但偶尔也使
用。
举例
(1)He is respected by everyone in the community.
(2)My car was stolen last week.
(3)The house is being redecorated at the moment.
(4)This can be done in different ways.
(5)He has never been beaten at tennis.
(6)This sports meet is going to be put of until the end of the month.
(7)He’s been being interviewed in the past hour.
be型
不常用且一般不(1)I. The children were punished. 孩子们受到惩罚。
用在正式的语体 II. The children got punished. 孩子们得到了处罚。
中。从语义上讲，(2)I. Can the ship be seen on the horizon? 能看到地平线上的船吗?
常常指动作而不
是状态，指结果而
不是过程，强调承
受结果的主语所
get型
生的事情而不强
调谁发出的这个
动作。为此，句子
中的动词常常是
动作动词，by+动
作发出者常省去，
经常有一个表示
结果的副词，像
eventually, finally,
as a result等。
假性
II. Can the ship get seen on the horizon?
(3)I. I want you to watch carefully how the machine is being operated.
II. I want you to watch carefully how the machine is getting operated.
(4)I. The play was written by Shakespeare.
II. The play got written by Shakespeare.
(5)The book eventually got translated into Chinese.
(6)They got taught a lesson as a result.
在形式上是被动
(1)I’m very interested in the position they’ve offered me.
i
的，意义上却是主
(2)He got completely confused.
动的。它的ed分词
(3)She felt annoyed at his negligence at work.
是形容词化的，所
(4)They became more and more amused at what he was doing to the
以在SVC的结构中
dog.
它是主语的补充。
(5)You look tired.
作为形容词，它可
以用在比较结构
中，可以带各种介
词短语而不是by
词组，而且也可以
和be, get以外的其
它系动词连用。
二、态制约
类型 特点 举例
就主——被动转变
(1) I. I have a lot of friends.
而言，动词受制约 II.A lot of friends are had by me. (×)
较大。除了不及物
(2) I. He lacks sense of humor.
动词不能用在被动 II. Sence of humor is lacked by him. (×)
语态外，还有其它
(3) I. Some people survived the genocide.
一些及物动词通常 II. The genocide was survived by a few people. (×)
也不用在被动语态
(4)It is rumored that there will be an earthquake in the next two week.
中。而有的及物动
(5)The ship is scheduled to arrive to tomorrow.
词通常只用于被动
语态（见第（45）
句）。
语
法
制
约
宾语和主语互为关
(1)I treated myself a substantial meal at Christmas.
系时，没有与主动
(2)They will love each other.
态相应的被动态；
(3)They helped one another during the rescue mission.
宾语是从句时，一
(4)He raised his hand.
般也没有相应的被
(5)He said that he was innocent.
动结构，当然如果
(6)They didn’t know whether they would arrive there on time.
用先行词来替代宾
(7)I want to talk to your parents.
语从句，其被动态
(8)She enjoys being flattered.
是可以接受的。
(9)It is said that he managed to escape punishment.
(10)It was announced when the president would deliver his resignation
speech.
(11)It was decided to sell the remaining stock.
当动作执行者没有
(1)The house was built last year.
明确提到，或从上
(2)It is said that she is looking forward to her third marriage.
下文也无法推测
时，这时就没有相
应的主动态句子。
主动态和其相应的
(1-1)Few students have read many books in this school.
被动态在不考虑其
(1-2)Many books have been read by few students in this school.
ii
动
词
制
约
宾
语
制
约
信
息
缺
损
语义制约