2024年3月8日发(作者：公叔乐池)
深度：浅谈中国弹道导弹外贸 已向四个国家出口
作为一种远程精确打击武器，地地弹道导弹担负着对敌纵深目标及大型高价值目标的打击任务，自诞生以来就被人们所重视，并不断改进，衍生出一个庞大的家族。而本文所要讨论的中国外贸地地弹道导弹，长期以来作为援外军团出现在各大航展上，成为西方世界了解中国地地导弹发展的窗口，从一个侧面体现出我国地地导弹的技术特点和使用原则。
沙特与东风-3导弹
在4月29日(昨日)的沙特阅兵式上，该国向中国采购的东风-3中程弹道导弹近30年来首次公开展示。这也是中国最早出口的地地导。这批出口的弹道并非是一些简单小巧的战术火箭，而是一批东风三型中程弹道导弹。这在世界武器装备贸易史上也是一次绝无仅有的交易。
80年代动荡的中东局势促使沙特希望获得一种有足够威慑能力的武器装备来遏制区域强国。在以色列研制成功射程达1000余公里的杰里科-2导弹之后，这种需求更加迫切了。1985年，沙特曾向美国提出购买导弹但是被拒绝。结果就是沙特将目光转向了东方的中国，并向中国提出了引进弹道导弹的计划，代号“游隼”，由苏尔坦亲王全权负责。对中国而言，沙特作为中东地区的资源大国和伊斯兰世界的“领袖”，中国一直在寻求进一步的交流与合作，两国来往日趋频繁。对沙特而言，在当时能生产战略导弹的也只有中国了。同时中国的表现让沙特找到了希望，在得知沙特的这一需求后，我国责成航天部，核工业部等部门积极展开论证。1986年12月间，双方代表在沙特南部某空军基地就引进型号、人员培训、后勤保障及价格等展开具体谈判。
经过一番谈判，法赫德国王最终决定引进一批加装常规弹头的东风三型弹道导弹作为沙特王国的威慑力量。不久之后，二炮某部与沙特订购的一批东风三型导弹系统就出现在了沙特苏来伊勒基地。产品交付后，沙特方面十分满意。两国于1990年7月31日确立了大使级外交关系。在随后的伊拉克侵科威特战争中，这批东风三型有效地威慑了伊拉克政府，避免了事态的进一步恶化。同时，沙特在遭到伊拉克飞毛腿导弹攻击后，第一个想到反击的措施就是使用东风-3轰击巴格达！后来由于美国的保证，和爱国者反导系统的进驻，这件事才作罢！
那么美国为什么对东风-3中程导弹出口一事不闻不问呢？第1、中国那时没有签署《不扩散核武器条约》，武器输出不受美国的任何约束，同时中国绝不会输出核技术，甚至卖核弹(卡扎菲一辈子想买核弹，结果直到2011年被打死也没买到)。中国之所以选择常规弹头，更多的是出于自身考虑：任何一个有核国家都不希望看到核扩散，也不希望看到别人搞核扩散。第2、对美国而言，这些原始的液体地地弹反应迟缓，发射准备时间较长，生存能力低，难以对目标形成真正的威慑，唯一的用途也就是用来打击城市目标了。第3、沙特和以色列都是美国的盟友，也是中东地区有有重要影响的国家。尤其是以色列试射了“杰里科”之后，美国出于相互制衡的考虑，也希望沙特拥有规模有限的远程打击力量。但美国直接援助又会激怒以色列，最终便选择了默许中沙交易。
巴基斯坦与M-11近程战术导弹
M-11近程战术导弹时东风11地对地导弹的出口外贸版，所以和东风-11导弹并没有太大的区别。其最大射程300公里，该导弹采用两级固体燃料发动机，弹长11.25米。东风-11近程地对地导弹在弹头处的4个小翼是用来在导弹再入段修正弹着点的，因此命中精度应很高，该型导弹的命中精度应该优于500米，与俄罗斯“圆点”地地导弹相当。
该导弹可携带的弹头战斗部据说有六种以上：除常规EY-115型破片高爆战斗部/外，还有带有反坦克和破片子弹药的集束型及核弹头战斗部；主要用于攻击敌战术纵深重要目标侵彻战斗部。，可摧毁加固目标；在平流层引爆的电磁脉冲战斗部，低当量核弹头战斗部等在内的多种攻击弹药，可有效攻击敌方机场，港口，洞库电子设备和其它地面重要设施。
导弹从一辆8X8 WA2400运输-架设-发射车辆上发射，提供完整的道路和越野机动性。车辆由三江下属公司万山特种车辆制造厂发展，在1980年早期基于俄国MAZ543 TEL车辆导弹发射车。安装有新型车载式自动射向校准仪和连续发射换接器可不经测量。
东风-11导弹最初发展用于出口市场。基本型DF-11在北京举行的1999年国庆阅兵式上初次登场。基本型DF-11射程350公里并且携带800公斤的一枚单一弹头，导弹被推销到国际市场命名为M-11。导弹被推销到出口市场，命名为M-11(北约代号：CSS-7)。大约30~40枚M-11导弹和未知数量的8X8 TEL车辆据传在1992年销售给巴基斯坦。
在1992年美国卫星图像显示在巴基斯坦拉合尔附近的萨果达空军基地M-11导弹集装箱交货。虽然没有直接的证据被提供，克林顿政府得出结论中国可能已经转移M-11导弹系和它的技统术到巴基斯坦。在1993年8月美国宣布对中国制裁，在国际弹道导弹条约禁止之下反对中国向巴基斯坦出售导弹零件。由于这一个制裁结果，美国制造的敏感高科技设备和零件被禁止卖到中国，而且中国航天工业禁止为国外客户发射美国制造的商业卫星。这一个制裁在1994年被解除。
巴基斯坦以M-11设计为基础发展了哈塔夫-3导弹。巴基斯坦已生产了80余套哈塔夫-3导弹发射系统。据卫星的照片显示，巴军方已在临近印度的旁遮普省萨果达空军基地储备了30枚哈塔夫-3导弹。它们有可能配备核弹头。装备有哈塔夫-3导弹的巴基斯坦战略导弹部队已准备就绪，随时对敢于危害国家安全的势力展开毁灭性打击。
土耳其与B611导弹
目前，中土军事合作的典范是火箭炮技术转移。上世纪90年代，土耳其与美国就联合生产M270火箭炮的谈判破裂，华盛顿借人权问题限制向土耳其售武，终止为土耳其提供经济支援和贷款。这种制裁一度将始终亲美的土耳其推到绝境。1997年，土耳其首次与中国签署军备合约，向后者购买24门“卫士”1型302毫米火箭炮，另在土耳其装配144门。在中国出售生产许可证后，土耳其又自主生产出TR-300型火箭炮(代号“风暴”)，在历次北约联合演习中表现出众。正是这次合作激发了土耳其引进中国军事技术的热情。
土耳其的地地导弹发展起始于80年代初的J项目，但苦于自身国防工业水平不足，项目进展缓慢。1987年3月，希土围绕爱琴海大陆架划分和石油开采权问题爆发严重危机进一步刺激了土耳其，他们急需一批具备机动能力的战术地地弹，以便在本土就能对争议地区形成威慑。经过一番寻觅，土耳其将目光转向了中国，希望能联合中方将J项目做下去。
1998年底，在“J-600T工程”的名义下，土耳其陆军从订购15枚B-611型近程战术导弹，并获得生产200枚导弹的许可证，交易总金额3亿美元，本地生产的导弹被命名为“闪电”。2007年8月30日，土耳其成功完成“闪电”的试射验收并批量装备部队。“闪电”射程250千米，具有高机动性，可攻击高价值的战场目标。有消息称，土耳其希望继续发展射程更远，可携带更大威力弹头的弹道导弹。
伊朗与M-7战术近程导弹
两伊战争时，双方发动了有名的“袭城战”，用飞毛腿导弹互相攻击对方的城市。打到后面，双方库存见底，都琢磨着用库存巨大的萨姆-2打击对方。最简单的办法就是利用制导站引导它作抛物线飞行。结果证明，对地模式的萨姆-2虽然精度差，但射程也有100km左右，有发展为战术地地导弹的潜质。双方受此启发，各自研制了基于萨姆-2的战术地地导弹。
不过，双方的研制环境都不好：伊拉克在海湾战争后，其射程超过150km的导弹都被列为违禁武器而要接受联合国的核查。在这种情况下，伊拉克军事科研人员研发成功萨默德-1/2型液体战术导弹，射程分别达到130/150公里。该型号算是去掉助推器萨姆-2防空导弹。1998年联合国武器核查小组撤离后军方加快了萨摩德-2型的研制进度。萨摩德-2弹体长约7米，可携带多种弹头，导弹最大射程可达183公里。联合国武器核查人员一共对“萨默德－2”型导弹进行了40次试射，结果发现，有13次超出了规定距离，最远打到了180公里。遂被列入销毁处名单。此外，伊拉克还研制了基于萨姆-2的阿巴比尔－100固体地地战术弹，6.7米长，0.5米直径，射程也超过了100km。该型导弹由卡车运载，单发导轨发射，初步实现了机动发射能力。
伊朗霍梅尼政权由于受到西方制裁，也开始积极寻求萨姆-2的改进渠道。这个需求催生了我国第一个用于外贸的地地弹型号——红旗-2改进而来的8610导弹(意即1986年展开研发工作)，厂方编号B610，出口编号M-7。由航天工业部二院(今航天科工第二研究院)研发。在1991年出口到伊朗90枚导弹。伊朗在引进M-7后，组织国内的工厂进行仿制。仿制品被命名为通达尔-69(Tondar-69)，弹头重达190kg，射程为150km。
未来导弹出口会更多
中国战术导弹经过多年的发展和改进，现在有B611M、BP-12A和M20导弹这三个主打品牌，B611虽然起点较低，但经过十余年的不断改进，终于和后两者站在了一起，而M20作为一个新系统，起点自然要高一些，毕竟是航天科技系统第一款对外公布的战术地地弹，要从前两者手中抢市场自然会有技术性能上的独到之处。而我国神鹰400火箭的系统出现(射程400公里)，也相当于出现了一种新型战术导弹。今后中国战术导弹型号将会越来越多，中国外贸地地导弹会装备更多的国家。
As a kind of long-range precision strike weapons, ballistic missile is laden with deep into
the enemy target and strike missions of large high value targets, was regarded by the
people since its birth, and constantly improve, derived from a large family. Which is what
this paper discussed China's foreign trade to a ballistic missile, a long time as a foreign
legion in each big air show, the western world understand China's
missile development window, from a side reflects the missile's technical characteristics
and using the principle in our country.
Saudi Arabia and dongfeng - 3 missiles
On April 29 (yesterday) parade of Saudi Arabia, the country to the Chinese procurement
of dongfeng - 3 medium-range ballistic missiles on public display for the first time in nearly
30 years. This is also the earliest export to China local guide. This batch of export
trajectory is not some simple small tactical rocket, but a group of three type dongfeng
medium-range ballistic missiles. In the history of world trade in weapons and equipment is
also a unique deal.
In the 80 s, the Middle East unrest prompted Saudi Arabia hopes to get a sufficient
deterrent capability of weapons and equipment to prevent regional powers. Range of
successful development of more than 1000 kilometres in Israel - 2 Jericho missiles, this
need has become more urgent. In 1985, Saudi Arabia had buy missiles from the United
States but was refused. Result is that Saudi Arabia to the east of China, and put forward
the introduction to the Chinese ballistic missile program, code name "peregrine falcon," by
prince sultan, solely responsible for. For China, Saudi Arabia as a resource in the Middle
East countries and "leader" of the islamic world, China has been seeking further
exchanges and cooperation, between the two countries has become increasingly
frequent. For Saudi Arabia, only China can produce strategic missile is also at that time.
China's performance at the same time find a hope to Saudi Arabia, after that Saudi Arabia
this demand, our country order, from the ministry of nuclear industry department and other
departments actively expand argument. In December 1986, between the two sides
represents a air force base in southern Saudi introduced model, personnel training,
specific negotiations between logistics and price.
After some negotiations, king fahd, finally decided to introduce a batch of equipped with
conventional warheads type dongfeng three ballistic missile as a
deterrent power of kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Soon after, with Saudi order a batch of
dongfeng three portion of the second artillery missile system appears in the Saudi Sue to
base. After delivery of product is very satisfied with Saudi Arabia. On July 31, 1990 the
two countries established diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level. Later in the war in
Iraq invaded Kuwait, this batch of three type dongfeng effectively deterring the Iraqi
government, to avoid the situation worse. At the same time, Saudi Arabia after the Iraqi
scud missile attack, the first thought of counter measure is to use the dongfeng - 3
bombardment of Baghdad. Later, because the United States, and the presence of a
patriot missile defense system, it just forget about it!
So why America ignored on the dongfeng - 3 medium-range missile export? 1, China at
that time have not signed the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, weapons and output are not
subject to any constraints in the United States, at the same time, China will never output
nuclear technology, even sell nuclear bomb (gadhafi lifetime want to buy a bomb, didn't
buy the results until 2011 were killed to). China chose the conventional warheads, more is
for the sake of their own: any nuclear states don't want to see nuclear proliferation, also
don't want to see others to nuclear proliferation. 2, for the us, the original liquid to play
slow response, launch preparation time is longer, survival ability is low, it is difficult to form
a real deterrent to your target, the only purpose is to hit the city. 3, Saudi Arabia and Israel
are Allies in the United States, also have important influence in the Middle East countries.
Especially after Israel launches "Jericho", the United States for reasons of checks and
balances, also hope that Saudi Arabia has limited long-range strike force. But the direct
aid would provoke Israel, finally chose to acquiesce in sand.
Pakistan and M - 11 short-range tactical missile
M - dongfeng 11 11 short-range tactical missile in the surface-to-surface missile exports of
foreign trade, so and dongfeng 11 missile is not much difference. The maximum range of
300 kilometers, the missile USES two levels of solid fuel engine, 11.25 meters long.
Dongfeng 11 short-range surface-to-surface missile warhead in place of the four small
wing is used in missile reentry segment spot for the impact of the correction, so accuracy
should be very high, the missile accuracy should be better than the 500 meters, with
Russia "dot" missiles.
The portable missile warhead warhead is said to be more than six: in addition to
conventional EY - 115 pieces/high-explosive warheads, and with the anti-tank and broken
film ammunition type of cluster warhead and nuclear warheads; Is mainly used to attack
the enemy tactical depth important goals. Penetration warhead, can destroy reinforce the
goal; Emp warhead detonated in the stratosphere, low-yield nuclear warheads warhead,
such as series of attacks on ammunition, can be effective against enemy airport, port,
underground structure ground electronic equipment and other important facilities.
Missile from a 8 by 8 WA2400 transport - erection - launch vehicles, provide complete
road and off-road mobility. Vehicle by sanjiang subsidiaries wanshan special vehicle
manufactory, development in early 1980, based on Russian MAZ543 TEL vehicles.
Missile launcher install new vehicular automatic toward the calibration
instrument and continuous firing switch is not measured.
The dongfeng 11 missile initial development for export markets. Basic DF 11 held in
Beijing in 1999 National Day military parade on debut. Basic DF 11 range of 350 km and
carry 800 kg of a single warhead, missile to promote to the international market have been
named as the M - 11. Missile sell into the export market, have been named as the M - 11
(NATO codename: CSS - 7). About 30 ~ 40 M - 11 missiles and unknown number of 8 by
8 TEL vehicle is sold to Pakistan in 1992.
In 1992 the American satellite images show of sargodha air force base near Lahore M - 11 missile container delivery. Although there is no direct evidence is provided, the
administration of President Bill Clinton came to the conclusion that China could have
transferred the M - 11 missile system and its technology to Pakistan. In August 1993, the
United States announced the sanctions against China, under the international ballistic
missile treaty bans against China's selling missile parts to Pakistan. Because this a
sanctions as a result, the United States manufacturing sensitive high tech equipment and
parts are banned from selling to China, but China's space industry prohibited for foreign
customers commercial satellite launch made in America. This a sanctions were lifted in
1994.
Pakistan on the basis of the M - 11 design development the tufts - 3 missiles. Pakistan has
produced more than 80 sets of tufts - 3 missile launch system. According to the satellite
photos show, the Pakistani military has near India's punjab province, reserves of
sargodha air force base for 30 ha tufts - 3 missiles. They may be equipped with a nuclear
warhead. Equipped with the tufts - 3 missile Pakistan's strategic missile forces are ready,
at any time to dare to harm national security forces devastating blow.
Turkey and the B611 missile
At present, the bilateral military cooperation model of technology transfer is a rocket. In
the 1990 s, Turkey is united production M270 talks with the United States, Washington
restrictions on Turkish arms sales by the problem of the human rights, termination of
economic support and loans for Turkey. Once the sanctions will always pro-american
Turkey pushed to the wall. In 1997, a Turkish arms contracts signed with China for the first
time to buy 24 "guardian" type 1 302 mm rocket launchers, another assembly 144 doors in
Turkey. Sold in China after the production license, Turkey and independent production out
TR - 300 rockets (code "storm"), in all previous NATO exercises. It was this stimulated the
enthusiasm of the Turkish introduction of China's military technology cooperation.
Turkey to missile development of J project began in the early 80 s, but its defence industry
level is insufficient, project progress will be slow. In March 1987, when the soil around the
Aegean sea continental shelf and oil drilling problems divided into serious crisis further
stimulate the Turkey, they are in urgent need of a batch of motor ability of tactics to play,
so that the local can the disputed region of a deterrent. After a search, Turkey turning to
China, hope to have the J project joint China doing it.
At the end of 1998, in the name of "J - 600 - t project", the Turkish army order from 15 B -
611 type short-range tactical missiles, and got the license for the production of 200
missiles, trade total amount is $300 million, local production of missile was named
"lightning". On August 30, 2007, Turkey's successful completion of the "lightning"
acceptance tests and the armed forces. "Lightning" range is 250 km, with a high mobility,
can attack the high value of battlefield target. The news that Turkey wants to continue to
develop longer range, can carry more power of ballistic missile warhead.
Iran and the M - 7 tactical short-range missiles
The iran-iraq war, the two sides launched the famous "war" on city, with scud missiles to
attack each other's city. Hit back, both stocks bottomed out, wondering with huge
inventory of Sam - 2 against each other. The simplest way is to use guidance station
guide it a parabolic flight. Results show that the model of Sam - 2 although accuracy is
poor, but also has a range of 100 km or so, have development potential for tactical
missiles. Inspired, is developed based on its own - 2 Sam's tactical missiles.
However, both the development of the environment is not good: Iraq after the gulf war, the
range of more than 150 km of missile were listed as prohibited weapons and to accept the
check. In this case, the Iraqi military researchers developed SaMoDe - 1/2 type liquid,
tactical missile range to 130/150 km respectively. The model is to get rid of the booster
Sam - 2 anti-aircraft missiles. After the 1998 UN weapons inspectors group evacuation
military speed up the development progress of samoyed DE type 2. Samoyed DE 2 play
about 7 meters long, can carry a variety of warhead, the missile can reach 183 km. UN
weapons inspectors a total of "SaMoDe - 2" missile 40 times tests, the results show that
there are 13 times beyond the rules distance, as far as 180 kilometers. Hence be
destruction list. In addition, Iraq has been developed based on the bill - 100-2, Sam solid
tactical play ground, 6.7 meters long, 0.5 meters in diameter, a range of more than 100
km. The missile by trucks, single rail launch, mobile launch capability was preliminarily
realized.
Due to western sanctions, Iran's ayatollah khomeini regime has also begun to actively
seek Sam - 2 improved channel. This demand has given rise to the first used for foreign
trade in our country to play model - red flag - 2 modified 8610 missile (ie, 1986 research
and development), the manufacturer number B610, export number M - 7. By the
aerospace industry 2 hospital (now the second institute of aerospace science and
industry) research and development. In 1991, export 90 missiles to Iran. Iran after the
introduction of the M - 7, the organization of domestic factory to copy. Imitation is named
access - 69 (Tondar - 69), warheads weighing 190 kg, a range of 150 km.
Missile export will be more in the future
Tactical missile in China after years of development and improvement, now have B611M,
BP - 12 a and M20 missiles of the three main brands, B611 although low starting point, but
after more than ten years of continuous improvement, and finally the latter two stand
together, M20, as a new system, natural starting point, after all, is the first foreign
aerospace science and technology system, tactical ground to play before both hands
grabbing market will naturally have a unique technical performance. And China's mighty
400 rocket system (400 km) range, also is equivalent to a a new kind of tactical missile.
China tactical missile model will be more and more in the future, China's foreign trade to
the missile equipment will be more countries.
2024年3月8日发(作者：公叔乐池)
深度：浅谈中国弹道导弹外贸 已向四个国家出口
作为一种远程精确打击武器，地地弹道导弹担负着对敌纵深目标及大型高价值目标的打击任务，自诞生以来就被人们所重视，并不断改进，衍生出一个庞大的家族。而本文所要讨论的中国外贸地地弹道导弹，长期以来作为援外军团出现在各大航展上，成为西方世界了解中国地地导弹发展的窗口，从一个侧面体现出我国地地导弹的技术特点和使用原则。
沙特与东风-3导弹
在4月29日(昨日)的沙特阅兵式上，该国向中国采购的东风-3中程弹道导弹近30年来首次公开展示。这也是中国最早出口的地地导。这批出口的弹道并非是一些简单小巧的战术火箭，而是一批东风三型中程弹道导弹。这在世界武器装备贸易史上也是一次绝无仅有的交易。
80年代动荡的中东局势促使沙特希望获得一种有足够威慑能力的武器装备来遏制区域强国。在以色列研制成功射程达1000余公里的杰里科-2导弹之后，这种需求更加迫切了。1985年，沙特曾向美国提出购买导弹但是被拒绝。结果就是沙特将目光转向了东方的中国，并向中国提出了引进弹道导弹的计划，代号“游隼”，由苏尔坦亲王全权负责。对中国而言，沙特作为中东地区的资源大国和伊斯兰世界的“领袖”，中国一直在寻求进一步的交流与合作，两国来往日趋频繁。对沙特而言，在当时能生产战略导弹的也只有中国了。同时中国的表现让沙特找到了希望，在得知沙特的这一需求后，我国责成航天部，核工业部等部门积极展开论证。1986年12月间，双方代表在沙特南部某空军基地就引进型号、人员培训、后勤保障及价格等展开具体谈判。
经过一番谈判，法赫德国王最终决定引进一批加装常规弹头的东风三型弹道导弹作为沙特王国的威慑力量。不久之后，二炮某部与沙特订购的一批东风三型导弹系统就出现在了沙特苏来伊勒基地。产品交付后，沙特方面十分满意。两国于1990年7月31日确立了大使级外交关系。在随后的伊拉克侵科威特战争中，这批东风三型有效地威慑了伊拉克政府，避免了事态的进一步恶化。同时，沙特在遭到伊拉克飞毛腿导弹攻击后，第一个想到反击的措施就是使用东风-3轰击巴格达！后来由于美国的保证，和爱国者反导系统的进驻，这件事才作罢！
那么美国为什么对东风-3中程导弹出口一事不闻不问呢？第1、中国那时没有签署《不扩散核武器条约》，武器输出不受美国的任何约束，同时中国绝不会输出核技术，甚至卖核弹(卡扎菲一辈子想买核弹，结果直到2011年被打死也没买到)。中国之所以选择常规弹头，更多的是出于自身考虑：任何一个有核国家都不希望看到核扩散，也不希望看到别人搞核扩散。第2、对美国而言，这些原始的液体地地弹反应迟缓，发射准备时间较长，生存能力低，难以对目标形成真正的威慑，唯一的用途也就是用来打击城市目标了。第3、沙特和以色列都是美国的盟友，也是中东地区有有重要影响的国家。尤其是以色列试射了“杰里科”之后，美国出于相互制衡的考虑，也希望沙特拥有规模有限的远程打击力量。但美国直接援助又会激怒以色列，最终便选择了默许中沙交易。
巴基斯坦与M-11近程战术导弹
M-11近程战术导弹时东风11地对地导弹的出口外贸版，所以和东风-11导弹并没有太大的区别。其最大射程300公里，该导弹采用两级固体燃料发动机，弹长11.25米。东风-11近程地对地导弹在弹头处的4个小翼是用来在导弹再入段修正弹着点的，因此命中精度应很高，该型导弹的命中精度应该优于500米，与俄罗斯“圆点”地地导弹相当。
该导弹可携带的弹头战斗部据说有六种以上：除常规EY-115型破片高爆战斗部/外，还有带有反坦克和破片子弹药的集束型及核弹头战斗部；主要用于攻击敌战术纵深重要目标侵彻战斗部。，可摧毁加固目标；在平流层引爆的电磁脉冲战斗部，低当量核弹头战斗部等在内的多种攻击弹药，可有效攻击敌方机场，港口，洞库电子设备和其它地面重要设施。
导弹从一辆8X8 WA2400运输-架设-发射车辆上发射，提供完整的道路和越野机动性。车辆由三江下属公司万山特种车辆制造厂发展，在1980年早期基于俄国MAZ543 TEL车辆导弹发射车。安装有新型车载式自动射向校准仪和连续发射换接器可不经测量。
东风-11导弹最初发展用于出口市场。基本型DF-11在北京举行的1999年国庆阅兵式上初次登场。基本型DF-11射程350公里并且携带800公斤的一枚单一弹头，导弹被推销到国际市场命名为M-11。导弹被推销到出口市场，命名为M-11(北约代号：CSS-7)。大约30~40枚M-11导弹和未知数量的8X8 TEL车辆据传在1992年销售给巴基斯坦。
在1992年美国卫星图像显示在巴基斯坦拉合尔附近的萨果达空军基地M-11导弹集装箱交货。虽然没有直接的证据被提供，克林顿政府得出结论中国可能已经转移M-11导弹系和它的技统术到巴基斯坦。在1993年8月美国宣布对中国制裁，在国际弹道导弹条约禁止之下反对中国向巴基斯坦出售导弹零件。由于这一个制裁结果，美国制造的敏感高科技设备和零件被禁止卖到中国，而且中国航天工业禁止为国外客户发射美国制造的商业卫星。这一个制裁在1994年被解除。
巴基斯坦以M-11设计为基础发展了哈塔夫-3导弹。巴基斯坦已生产了80余套哈塔夫-3导弹发射系统。据卫星的照片显示，巴军方已在临近印度的旁遮普省萨果达空军基地储备了30枚哈塔夫-3导弹。它们有可能配备核弹头。装备有哈塔夫-3导弹的巴基斯坦战略导弹部队已准备就绪，随时对敢于危害国家安全的势力展开毁灭性打击。
土耳其与B611导弹
目前，中土军事合作的典范是火箭炮技术转移。上世纪90年代，土耳其与美国就联合生产M270火箭炮的谈判破裂，华盛顿借人权问题限制向土耳其售武，终止为土耳其提供经济支援和贷款。这种制裁一度将始终亲美的土耳其推到绝境。1997年，土耳其首次与中国签署军备合约，向后者购买24门“卫士”1型302毫米火箭炮，另在土耳其装配144门。在中国出售生产许可证后，土耳其又自主生产出TR-300型火箭炮(代号“风暴”)，在历次北约联合演习中表现出众。正是这次合作激发了土耳其引进中国军事技术的热情。
土耳其的地地导弹发展起始于80年代初的J项目，但苦于自身国防工业水平不足，项目进展缓慢。1987年3月，希土围绕爱琴海大陆架划分和石油开采权问题爆发严重危机进一步刺激了土耳其，他们急需一批具备机动能力的战术地地弹，以便在本土就能对争议地区形成威慑。经过一番寻觅，土耳其将目光转向了中国，希望能联合中方将J项目做下去。
1998年底，在“J-600T工程”的名义下，土耳其陆军从订购15枚B-611型近程战术导弹，并获得生产200枚导弹的许可证，交易总金额3亿美元，本地生产的导弹被命名为“闪电”。2007年8月30日，土耳其成功完成“闪电”的试射验收并批量装备部队。“闪电”射程250千米，具有高机动性，可攻击高价值的战场目标。有消息称，土耳其希望继续发展射程更远，可携带更大威力弹头的弹道导弹。
伊朗与M-7战术近程导弹
两伊战争时，双方发动了有名的“袭城战”，用飞毛腿导弹互相攻击对方的城市。打到后面，双方库存见底，都琢磨着用库存巨大的萨姆-2打击对方。最简单的办法就是利用制导站引导它作抛物线飞行。结果证明，对地模式的萨姆-2虽然精度差，但射程也有100km左右，有发展为战术地地导弹的潜质。双方受此启发，各自研制了基于萨姆-2的战术地地导弹。
不过，双方的研制环境都不好：伊拉克在海湾战争后，其射程超过150km的导弹都被列为违禁武器而要接受联合国的核查。在这种情况下，伊拉克军事科研人员研发成功萨默德-1/2型液体战术导弹，射程分别达到130/150公里。该型号算是去掉助推器萨姆-2防空导弹。1998年联合国武器核查小组撤离后军方加快了萨摩德-2型的研制进度。萨摩德-2弹体长约7米，可携带多种弹头，导弹最大射程可达183公里。联合国武器核查人员一共对“萨默德－2”型导弹进行了40次试射，结果发现，有13次超出了规定距离，最远打到了180公里。遂被列入销毁处名单。此外，伊拉克还研制了基于萨姆-2的阿巴比尔－100固体地地战术弹，6.7米长，0.5米直径，射程也超过了100km。该型导弹由卡车运载，单发导轨发射，初步实现了机动发射能力。
伊朗霍梅尼政权由于受到西方制裁，也开始积极寻求萨姆-2的改进渠道。这个需求催生了我国第一个用于外贸的地地弹型号——红旗-2改进而来的8610导弹(意即1986年展开研发工作)，厂方编号B610，出口编号M-7。由航天工业部二院(今航天科工第二研究院)研发。在1991年出口到伊朗90枚导弹。伊朗在引进M-7后，组织国内的工厂进行仿制。仿制品被命名为通达尔-69(Tondar-69)，弹头重达190kg，射程为150km。
未来导弹出口会更多
中国战术导弹经过多年的发展和改进，现在有B611M、BP-12A和M20导弹这三个主打品牌，B611虽然起点较低，但经过十余年的不断改进，终于和后两者站在了一起，而M20作为一个新系统，起点自然要高一些，毕竟是航天科技系统第一款对外公布的战术地地弹，要从前两者手中抢市场自然会有技术性能上的独到之处。而我国神鹰400火箭的系统出现(射程400公里)，也相当于出现了一种新型战术导弹。今后中国战术导弹型号将会越来越多，中国外贸地地导弹会装备更多的国家。
As a kind of long-range precision strike weapons, ballistic missile is laden with deep into
the enemy target and strike missions of large high value targets, was regarded by the
people since its birth, and constantly improve, derived from a large family. Which is what
this paper discussed China's foreign trade to a ballistic missile, a long time as a foreign
legion in each big air show, the western world understand China's
missile development window, from a side reflects the missile's technical characteristics
and using the principle in our country.
Saudi Arabia and dongfeng - 3 missiles
On April 29 (yesterday) parade of Saudi Arabia, the country to the Chinese procurement
of dongfeng - 3 medium-range ballistic missiles on public display for the first time in nearly
30 years. This is also the earliest export to China local guide. This batch of export
trajectory is not some simple small tactical rocket, but a group of three type dongfeng
medium-range ballistic missiles. In the history of world trade in weapons and equipment is
also a unique deal.
In the 80 s, the Middle East unrest prompted Saudi Arabia hopes to get a sufficient
deterrent capability of weapons and equipment to prevent regional powers. Range of
successful development of more than 1000 kilometres in Israel - 2 Jericho missiles, this
need has become more urgent. In 1985, Saudi Arabia had buy missiles from the United
States but was refused. Result is that Saudi Arabia to the east of China, and put forward
the introduction to the Chinese ballistic missile program, code name "peregrine falcon," by
prince sultan, solely responsible for. For China, Saudi Arabia as a resource in the Middle
East countries and "leader" of the islamic world, China has been seeking further
exchanges and cooperation, between the two countries has become increasingly
frequent. For Saudi Arabia, only China can produce strategic missile is also at that time.
China's performance at the same time find a hope to Saudi Arabia, after that Saudi Arabia
this demand, our country order, from the ministry of nuclear industry department and other
departments actively expand argument. In December 1986, between the two sides
represents a air force base in southern Saudi introduced model, personnel training,
specific negotiations between logistics and price.
After some negotiations, king fahd, finally decided to introduce a batch of equipped with
conventional warheads type dongfeng three ballistic missile as a
deterrent power of kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Soon after, with Saudi order a batch of
dongfeng three portion of the second artillery missile system appears in the Saudi Sue to
base. After delivery of product is very satisfied with Saudi Arabia. On July 31, 1990 the
two countries established diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level. Later in the war in
Iraq invaded Kuwait, this batch of three type dongfeng effectively deterring the Iraqi
government, to avoid the situation worse. At the same time, Saudi Arabia after the Iraqi
scud missile attack, the first thought of counter measure is to use the dongfeng - 3
bombardment of Baghdad. Later, because the United States, and the presence of a
patriot missile defense system, it just forget about it!
So why America ignored on the dongfeng - 3 medium-range missile export? 1, China at
that time have not signed the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, weapons and output are not
subject to any constraints in the United States, at the same time, China will never output
nuclear technology, even sell nuclear bomb (gadhafi lifetime want to buy a bomb, didn't
buy the results until 2011 were killed to). China chose the conventional warheads, more is
for the sake of their own: any nuclear states don't want to see nuclear proliferation, also
don't want to see others to nuclear proliferation. 2, for the us, the original liquid to play
slow response, launch preparation time is longer, survival ability is low, it is difficult to form
a real deterrent to your target, the only purpose is to hit the city. 3, Saudi Arabia and Israel
are Allies in the United States, also have important influence in the Middle East countries.
Especially after Israel launches "Jericho", the United States for reasons of checks and
balances, also hope that Saudi Arabia has limited long-range strike force. But the direct
aid would provoke Israel, finally chose to acquiesce in sand.
Pakistan and M - 11 short-range tactical missile
M - dongfeng 11 11 short-range tactical missile in the surface-to-surface missile exports of
foreign trade, so and dongfeng 11 missile is not much difference. The maximum range of
300 kilometers, the missile USES two levels of solid fuel engine, 11.25 meters long.
Dongfeng 11 short-range surface-to-surface missile warhead in place of the four small
wing is used in missile reentry segment spot for the impact of the correction, so accuracy
should be very high, the missile accuracy should be better than the 500 meters, with
Russia "dot" missiles.
The portable missile warhead warhead is said to be more than six: in addition to
conventional EY - 115 pieces/high-explosive warheads, and with the anti-tank and broken
film ammunition type of cluster warhead and nuclear warheads; Is mainly used to attack
the enemy tactical depth important goals. Penetration warhead, can destroy reinforce the
goal; Emp warhead detonated in the stratosphere, low-yield nuclear warheads warhead,
such as series of attacks on ammunition, can be effective against enemy airport, port,
underground structure ground electronic equipment and other important facilities.
Missile from a 8 by 8 WA2400 transport - erection - launch vehicles, provide complete
road and off-road mobility. Vehicle by sanjiang subsidiaries wanshan special vehicle
manufactory, development in early 1980, based on Russian MAZ543 TEL vehicles.
Missile launcher install new vehicular automatic toward the calibration
instrument and continuous firing switch is not measured.
The dongfeng 11 missile initial development for export markets. Basic DF 11 held in
Beijing in 1999 National Day military parade on debut. Basic DF 11 range of 350 km and
carry 800 kg of a single warhead, missile to promote to the international market have been
named as the M - 11. Missile sell into the export market, have been named as the M - 11
(NATO codename: CSS - 7). About 30 ~ 40 M - 11 missiles and unknown number of 8 by
8 TEL vehicle is sold to Pakistan in 1992.
In 1992 the American satellite images show of sargodha air force base near Lahore M - 11 missile container delivery. Although there is no direct evidence is provided, the
administration of President Bill Clinton came to the conclusion that China could have
transferred the M - 11 missile system and its technology to Pakistan. In August 1993, the
United States announced the sanctions against China, under the international ballistic
missile treaty bans against China's selling missile parts to Pakistan. Because this a
sanctions as a result, the United States manufacturing sensitive high tech equipment and
parts are banned from selling to China, but China's space industry prohibited for foreign
customers commercial satellite launch made in America. This a sanctions were lifted in
1994.
Pakistan on the basis of the M - 11 design development the tufts - 3 missiles. Pakistan has
produced more than 80 sets of tufts - 3 missile launch system. According to the satellite
photos show, the Pakistani military has near India's punjab province, reserves of
sargodha air force base for 30 ha tufts - 3 missiles. They may be equipped with a nuclear
warhead. Equipped with the tufts - 3 missile Pakistan's strategic missile forces are ready,
at any time to dare to harm national security forces devastating blow.
Turkey and the B611 missile
At present, the bilateral military cooperation model of technology transfer is a rocket. In
the 1990 s, Turkey is united production M270 talks with the United States, Washington
restrictions on Turkish arms sales by the problem of the human rights, termination of
economic support and loans for Turkey. Once the sanctions will always pro-american
Turkey pushed to the wall. In 1997, a Turkish arms contracts signed with China for the first
time to buy 24 "guardian" type 1 302 mm rocket launchers, another assembly 144 doors in
Turkey. Sold in China after the production license, Turkey and independent production out
TR - 300 rockets (code "storm"), in all previous NATO exercises. It was this stimulated the
enthusiasm of the Turkish introduction of China's military technology cooperation.
Turkey to missile development of J project began in the early 80 s, but its defence industry
level is insufficient, project progress will be slow. In March 1987, when the soil around the
Aegean sea continental shelf and oil drilling problems divided into serious crisis further
stimulate the Turkey, they are in urgent need of a batch of motor ability of tactics to play,
so that the local can the disputed region of a deterrent. After a search, Turkey turning to
China, hope to have the J project joint China doing it.
At the end of 1998, in the name of "J - 600 - t project", the Turkish army order from 15 B -
611 type short-range tactical missiles, and got the license for the production of 200
missiles, trade total amount is $300 million, local production of missile was named
"lightning". On August 30, 2007, Turkey's successful completion of the "lightning"
acceptance tests and the armed forces. "Lightning" range is 250 km, with a high mobility,
can attack the high value of battlefield target. The news that Turkey wants to continue to
develop longer range, can carry more power of ballistic missile warhead.
Iran and the M - 7 tactical short-range missiles
The iran-iraq war, the two sides launched the famous "war" on city, with scud missiles to
attack each other's city. Hit back, both stocks bottomed out, wondering with huge
inventory of Sam - 2 against each other. The simplest way is to use guidance station
guide it a parabolic flight. Results show that the model of Sam - 2 although accuracy is
poor, but also has a range of 100 km or so, have development potential for tactical
missiles. Inspired, is developed based on its own - 2 Sam's tactical missiles.
However, both the development of the environment is not good: Iraq after the gulf war, the
range of more than 150 km of missile were listed as prohibited weapons and to accept the
check. In this case, the Iraqi military researchers developed SaMoDe - 1/2 type liquid,
tactical missile range to 130/150 km respectively. The model is to get rid of the booster
Sam - 2 anti-aircraft missiles. After the 1998 UN weapons inspectors group evacuation
military speed up the development progress of samoyed DE type 2. Samoyed DE 2 play
about 7 meters long, can carry a variety of warhead, the missile can reach 183 km. UN
weapons inspectors a total of "SaMoDe - 2" missile 40 times tests, the results show that
there are 13 times beyond the rules distance, as far as 180 kilometers. Hence be
destruction list. In addition, Iraq has been developed based on the bill - 100-2, Sam solid
tactical play ground, 6.7 meters long, 0.5 meters in diameter, a range of more than 100
km. The missile by trucks, single rail launch, mobile launch capability was preliminarily
realized.
Due to western sanctions, Iran's ayatollah khomeini regime has also begun to actively
seek Sam - 2 improved channel. This demand has given rise to the first used for foreign
trade in our country to play model - red flag - 2 modified 8610 missile (ie, 1986 research
and development), the manufacturer number B610, export number M - 7. By the
aerospace industry 2 hospital (now the second institute of aerospace science and
industry) research and development. In 1991, export 90 missiles to Iran. Iran after the
introduction of the M - 7, the organization of domestic factory to copy. Imitation is named
access - 69 (Tondar - 69), warheads weighing 190 kg, a range of 150 km.
Missile export will be more in the future
Tactical missile in China after years of development and improvement, now have B611M,
BP - 12 a and M20 missiles of the three main brands, B611 although low starting point, but
after more than ten years of continuous improvement, and finally the latter two stand
together, M20, as a new system, natural starting point, after all, is the first foreign
aerospace science and technology system, tactical ground to play before both hands
grabbing market will naturally have a unique technical performance. And China's mighty
400 rocket system (400 km) range, also is equivalent to a a new kind of tactical missile.
China tactical missile model will be more and more in the future, China's foreign trade to
the missile equipment will be more countries.