秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦氮效率和产量的影响-USB迷|专注于互联网分享

2024年3月24日发(作者：段干安国)

作物学报

ACTA

AGRONOMICA

SINICA 2008, 34(6): 1014−1018

ISSN 0496-3490; CODEN TSHPA9

/zwxb/

E-mail: xbzw@

DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.01014

秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦氮效率和产量的影响

赵鹏

1,2

陈阜

1, *

(

中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院, 北京100094;

河南农业大学资源与环境学院, 河南郑州450002)

摘要: 2006—2007年生长季, 通过田间定位试验, 研究了秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦产量干物质积累、氮效率

和产量的影响。结果表明, 与单施氮肥相比, 秸秆还田配施氮肥的冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量较高, 干物质积累

量及其占全生育期干物质积累量的百分比抽穗前阶段较低, 而抽穗到成熟阶段则较高。秸秆还田配施纯氮90、180、

270和360 kg hm

−2

比单施同量氮肥分别增产7.1%、8.4%、11.1%和10.2%, 其中秸秆还田配施纯氮270 kg hm

−2

的产

量最高, 显著高于其他各处理。秸秆还田配施氮肥比单施氮肥提高冬小麦的氮效率, 氮肥表观利用率、氮素生产效率

和氮肥农学效率分别提高3.3%~9.2%、0.7~4.0和2.7~7.3 kg kg

−1

。

关键词: 秸秆还田; 氮肥; 冬小麦; 氮效率; 产量

Effects of Straw Mulching Plus Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Efficiency

and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat

ZHAO Peng

1,2

and CHEN Fu

1,*

(

College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094;

College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agri-

cultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China)

Abstract

: Long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer is approved to cause low nitrogen use efficiency in crops and environ-

mental pollution by NO

−

-N accumulation in soil. Straw returning to field takes the advantages of improving physical and chemi-

cal characteristics and nutrition status of soil, resulting in yield promotion of crops. The nitrogen managements for straw mulching

cultivation have been studied well in single cropping system. The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) double crop-

ping system is typical in North China Plain, however, nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in straw-mulching double-cropping

system extended rapidly in the region are poorly studied. In the current fixed-plot field experiments, we aimed at the changes of

nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield under straw mulching plus a series of amount of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat, and

provided some advices on nitrogen application regime in mulch farming. A wheat cultivar, Zhoumai 14, was used in a two-factor

randomized block design with 3 replicates. A total of 10 treatments were coded as N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360 for only ni-

trogen fertilizer applied (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg ha

−1

, respectively) and S+N0, S+N90, S+N180, S+N270, and S+N360 for

straw mulching plus nitrogen applications (nitrogen rates as above), respectively. About 7 500 kg ha

−1

straw residue from previous

cropping season was ploughed into soil. Compared with no straw mulching treatments, S+N treatments increased dry matter ac-

cumulation during wheat growth. The S+N treatments showed the amount and proportion of dry matter accumulation lower before

heading than N treatments, but significantly higher at the period of heading to maturity. Under the same nitrogen fertilizer rates,

grain yields of S+N90, S+N180, S+N270, and S+N360 were higher than those of corresponding N treatments by 7.1%, 8.4%,

11.1%, and 10.2%, respectively. The S+N270 treatment had the largest amount and increasing ratio of grain yield with significant

differences from other S+N and those of N treatments, indicating that S+N270 might be the proper treatment in wheat production.

Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in S+N treatments were higher

than those of N treatments by 3.3–9.2%, 0.7–4.0, and 2.7–7.3 kg kg

−1

, respectively. Our results indicate that returning straw to

field has positive effects on winter wheat under the experimental conditions, and straw mulching plus nitrogen fertilizer has larger

productivity than only applying nitrogen fertilizer.

基金项目:

国家“十一五”科技支撑计划项目(2006BAD02A15)

作者简介:

赵鹏(1967–), 男, 在读博士生, 副研究员, 主要从事农作制度和农业生态学研究。E-mail: zhaopeng@

通讯作者(Corresponding author):

陈阜, 教授, 博士生导师。Tel: ; E-mail: chenfu@

Received(收稿日期): 2007-10-16; Accepted(接受日期): 2008-01-26.

第

期

赵鹏等: 秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦氮效率和产量的影响 1015

Keywords: Returning straws to soil; Nitrogen fertilizer; Winter wheat; Nitrogen efficiency; Grain yield

秸秆还田是合理利用生物质资源和促进农业可

持续发展的一种有效方式, 它对土壤的理化性状、

肥力状况和养分循环及作物产量都有显著影响。已

有大量研究报道表明, 秸秆还田能促进土壤有机质

积累, 改善土壤结构, 减缓地力衰竭, 增加作物产

量

[1-6]

; 可提高耕层速效氮含量

[7]

, 引发土壤氮矿化

的正激发效应, 增加土壤微生物数量

[8-10]

。另一方面,

施用氮肥对小麦产量和品质影响显著, 但过量施用

不仅造成氮肥利用率降低, 经济效益下降, 而且长

期会导致硝态氮在土壤中的过度积累, 增加水体和

大气污染及生态恶化的风险

[11]

。农田氮素的合理施

用和提高氮效率一直是热点研究问题。近年来, 华

北平原小麦-玉米一年两熟制地区的农作物秸秆还

田规模越来越大, 改进农田养分资源综合管理的技

术需求迫切, 尤其长期大量秸秆还田后的化学氮肥

的合理使用问题日趋突出。我国对一年一熟地区和

旱作农田秸秆还田的氮素管理研究较多

[12-15]

, 在小

麦-玉米一年两熟区的研究主要侧重于秸秆还田和

施氮对土壤呼吸

[16]

、土壤N

O排放

[17]

、土壤氮素平

衡

[18]

及作物生长特性

[19]

等的方面, 但针对一年两熟

制秸秆全量还田下化学氮肥的产量效应及氮效率研

究较少。本试验研究秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦氮

效率和产量的影响, 旨在为秸秆还田模式下的氮肥

科学施用和提高氮效率提供科学依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 田间设计

试验于2006—2007年生长季在河南滑县试验

基地进行, 前茬玉米收获后, 秸秆保留在田间。供试

土壤为潮土, 0~20 cm土壤含有机质6.36 g kg

−1

、碱

解氮77.05 mg kg

−1

、速效磷9.59 mg kg

−1

、速效钾110

mg kg

−1

, pH 8.4。

冬小麦品种为周麦14, 播种量为225 kg hm

−2

行距为25 cm。田间秸秆全量(7 500 kg hm

-2

)粉碎, 随

耕地翻埋地下(秸秆不还田处理的除外), 翻地时施

用磷肥(过磷酸钙) 90 kg P

−2

和钾肥(氯化钾)

75 kg K

−2

, 氮肥(尿素)的50%于整地、划小区

后施入, 50%于小麦拔节期结合浇水开沟施入。施氮

量设0、90、180、270和360 kg N hm

−2

5个水平。

采用二因素随机区组设计, 施氮与秸秆还田组合共

10个处理, 依次为N0、N90、N180、N270、N360、

S+N0、S+N90、S+N180、S+N270和S+N360, 3次重

复, 共30个小区, 小区面积为6 m × 6 m= 36 m

,小

区间隔0.3 m。

1.2 测定项目与方法

按常规方法于小麦抽穗期、收获期取样, 在105

℃下杀青20 min, 在80℃下烘至恒重称量并计算干

物质积累量。收获期每小区取长势均匀的1 m

样方

2个, 收获脱粒后烘干计产(冬小麦籽粒产量以15 %

水分计)。用凯式定氮法测定植株和籽粒全氮含量。

1.3 计算方法及数据分析

用氮肥表观利用率(NFUE)、氮素生产效率

(NUE)、氮肥农学效率(NFAE)等指标表示氮效

率

[20-21]

。NFUE (%) =[(施氮小区地上部分吸氮量 –

不施氮小区地上部分吸氮量)/施氮量]×100, 反映氮

肥的利用程度; NUE(kg kg

−1

) =籽粒产量/地上部分吸

氮量, 反映吸氮量转化为产量或干物质的多少;

NFAE (kg kg

−1

) =(施氮区籽粒产量 – 不施氮区籽粒

产量)/施氮量, 可以评价氮肥的增产效果。

采用SPSS软件分析试验数据。差异显著性采用

LSR法检验。

2 结果与分析

2.1 秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦干物质积累的

影响

从冬小麦整个生育期来看, 除不施氮和施氮

360 kg hm

−2

两处理外, 秸秆还田配施氮肥处理(S+N)

的干物质积累量显著高于单施氮肥处理(N)(表1)。

从出苗到抽穗, S+N各处理的干物质阶段积累量及

其占全生育期干物质积累总量的百分比均低于各N

处理; 而抽穗到成熟阶段, S+N各处理的干物质阶段

积累量及其占全生育期干物质积累总量的百分比均

高于各N处理。由于小麦生育后期主要是粒重的积累

过程, 秸秆还田配施氮肥增加了干物质积累量, 为

小麦籽粒产量的提高奠定了物质基础。

由表1还可以看出, S+N处理的冬小麦收获指数

均大于N处理, 收获指数提高了2.1%~13.9%, 说明

秸秆还田配施氮肥的小麦干物质积累有利于生物产

量转化为经济产量。

2.2 秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦氮效率的影响

由表2可见, N和S+N处理的氮效率变化趋势

基本一致, 即随施氮量的增加, 氮肥表观利用

1016

作物学报

表1 各处理冬小麦地上部干物质积累特征

Table 1 Characteristics of dry matter accumulation in wheat shoots under different treatments

第34卷

全生育期干物质积累量

处理

Dry matter accumulation

Treatment

amount in whole growth

duration(kg hm

−2

)

N90

N180

N270

N360

S+N0

S+N90

S+N180

S+N270

S+N360

12225±122 g

13836±184 f

15733±121 d

16965±389 b

16883±125 b

11531±129 h

14500±123 e

16684±179 bc

18300±109 a

16188±95 cd

出苗至抽穗期干物质积累

Dry matter accumulation from

emergence to heading

抽穗至成熟期干物质积累

Dry matter accumulation from

heading to maturity

积累量

Amount (kg hm

−2

)

6308±63 g

7167±91 e

8307±56 b

8991±100 a

8779±69 a

5189±70 h

6670±49 f

7925±112 c

8784±60 a

7609±64 d

积累量

占全生育期比例

Ratio (%)

Amount (kg hm

−2

)

51.6

51.8

52.8

53.0

52.0

45.0

46.0

47.5

48.0

47.0

5917±58 h

6669±92 f

7426±65 e

7974±133 cd

8104±55 c

6342±58 g

7830±74 d

8759±67 b

9516±49 a

8580±31 b

占全生育期比例

Ratio (%)

48.4

48.2

47.2

47.0

48.0

55.0

54.0

52.5

52.0

53.0

收获指数

Harvest

index

0.47

0.46

0.45

0.44

0.43

0.48

0.47

0.46

0.45

0.49

表中数据为3次重复平均值±标准误。同一列数据后字母不同表示不同处理间差异显著(LSR法检验)。N表示只施氮肥, 其后数字

表示施氮量(kg hm

−2

), S表示秸秆还田。

Each value in the table is mean ± SE of 3 replicates. Values followed by a different letter within a column are significantly different at

P<0.05 according to LSR test. In the 1st column, N means the nitrogen treatment and the following number denotes nitrogen application

amount (kg ha

−1

); S denotes straw mulching.

表2 秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和氮效率的影响

Table 2 Effect of returning straw into soil on winter wheat yield and nitrogen efficiency

处理

Treatment

N90

N180

N270

N360

S+N0

S+N90

S+N180

S+N270

S+N360

籽粒产量

Grain yield

(kg hm

−2

)

5746±133 h

6365±131 g

7080±116 ef

7465±153 cd

7260±149 de

5535±90 h

6815±106 f

7675±84 bc

8290±63 a

8003±59 ab

总吸氮量

Total N uptake

(kg hm

−2

)

158±9 e

194±7 cd

218±5 bc

236±6 ab

242±6 ab

146±10 e

185±9 d

216±9 bc

249±10 a

261±9 a

氮肥表观利用率

NFUE

(%)

—

40.0

33.3

28.9

23.3

—

43.3

38.9

38.1

31.9

氮素生产效率

NUE

(kg kg

−1

)

—

32.8

32.5

31.6

30.0

—

36.8

35.5

33.3

30.7

氮肥农学效率

NFAE

(kg kg

−1

)

—

6.9

7.4

6.4

4.2

—

14.2

11.9

10.2

6.9

表中数据为3次重复平均值±标准误。同一列数据后不同字母表示不同处理间差异显著(LSR法检验)。处理代号同表1。

Each value in the table is mean ± SE of 3 replicates. Values followed by a different letter within a column are significantly different at

P< 0.05 according to LSR test. Treatment codes are the same as in Table 1.

率递减, 说明氮肥的利用程度随施氮量的增加而递

减; 随施氮量的增加, 氮素生产效率表现为递减趋

势, 说明地上部分单位吸氮量所产生的籽粒量随施

氮量的增加而减少; 氮肥农学效率也随施氮量的增

加而递减, 表明氮肥的增产效果逐渐变弱。

冬小麦的氮肥表观利用率、氮素生产效率和氮

肥农学效率均表现为S+N处理大于N处理(表2), 分

别提高3.3%~9.2%、0.7~4.0和2.7~7.3 kg kg

−1

, 反映

了在施用等量化学氮肥的情况下, 秸秆还田配施氮

肥的冬小麦氮效率高于单施氮肥。说明秸秆还田配

施氮肥更能使冬小麦充分利用氮素, 冬小麦地上部

分从肥料中吸收的氮量占施氮量的百分比较高, 冬

小麦地上部分单位吸氮量所产生的籽粒量较高, 氮

肥的增产效果较好。这是因为秸秆还田后, 土壤环

境和对作物营养调控的能力得到显著改善和加强,

最终直接体现为农田生产力水平的提升与稳定性能

第

期赵鹏等: 秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦氮效率和产量的影响 1017

的改善。

2.3 秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦籽粒产量的影响

在一定范围内, 施用氮肥可以增加冬小麦籽粒

产量, N和S+N处理的施氮量从90 kg hm

−2

上升到

270 kg hm

−2

, 冬小麦籽粒产量逐渐增加, 但达到360

kg hm

−2

时, 产量不再增加反而下降(表2)。说明过量

施用氮肥并不能有效提高小麦产量。

除N0和S+N0外, 籽粒产量均表现为S+N显著

高于N。在施用等量氮肥情况下, 秸秆还田配施氮肥

比单施氮肥增产, 增产率分别为7.1%(N90)、8.4%

(N180)、11.0%(N270)和10.2%(N360), 其中S+N270

的增产幅度最大。秸秆还田配施氮肥有利于提高产量

是因为冬小麦氮素生产效率和氮肥农学效率以及小麦

吸氮量转化为籽粒产量的能力得到了改善。

由表2还可看出, 如果不配施氮肥, 秸秆还田

则没有增产作用, S+N0比N0减产7.5%, 这可能是

秸秆还田后, 在小麦生长前期, 秸秆腐解与冬小麦

互相竞争氮素, 造成作物可吸收氮素减少的结果。

3 讨论

3.1 秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦氮效率的影响

关于秸秆还田对作物的氮效率影响, 徐国伟

等

[22]

证明秸秆还田提高了水稻的氮肥农学利用率、

吸收利用率和生理利用率, 其原因是在配施氮肥情

况下, 秸秆还田增加了水稻叶片的硝酸还原酶活性,

而硝酸还原酶活性与作物吸氮量呈极显著正相关。

本试验中, 玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥也提高了冬

小麦的氮效率, 究其原因, 一是在土壤中加入高碳

氮比作物秸秆, 促使土壤微生物活性增强, 引起土

壤中的矿化作用加强, 同时微生物数量增加, 土壤

微生物氮量也随着增加, 从而提高了土壤供氮潜力

和供氮能力, 有利于作物对氮素的吸收

[7-10]

; 二是

秸秆还田配施氮肥减少了氮素的损失。徐新宇等

[23]

研究表明, 秸秆还田起到保存和提高土壤肥效的作

用, 其中随土壤渗漏水流失的氮量较单施N减少

50%, 以气态逸失的氮量较单施N减少30.3%。土壤

反硝化是引起氮素损失的主要途径, 王改玲等

[24]

认

为, 适量施氮水平下, 玉米秸秆还田降低了土壤反

硝化及N

O的排放。

3.2 秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦产量的影响

大部分文献报道秸秆还田对冬小麦产量有增产

作用

[1-4]

, 也有减产报道

[25]

。减产的原因是秸秆单独

还田导致土壤碳氮失衡

[26-27]

。李少昆等

[28]

研究表明,

秸秆还田时, 耕作方式不当和播种质量差将导致小

麦出苗率下降, 有可能引起小麦减产。本试验结果

显示, 秸秆还田不配施氮肥时, 冬小麦减产。

秸秆还田能够提高作物产量的原因, 刘义国

等

[6]

认为, 是秸秆还田与氮肥配施提高了小麦的叶

绿素含量, 促进了旗叶的光合作用与蒸腾作用, 进

而促进了物质合成和转化; Takahashi等

[29]

认为秸秆

还田能提高作物的氮素吸收效率。本研究认为, 秸

秆还田配施适量氮肥可以解决土壤微生物与作物竞

争土壤中氮源的问题, 提高冬小麦的氮效率。与单

施氮肥相比, 冬小麦全生育期干物质积累较高, 抽

穗前干物质生产量较小, 抽穗后干物质生产量较大,

这种干物质积累特点有利于获得较高的经济产量

[30]

。

4 结论

秸秆还田配施适量化学氮肥可以提高氮效率,

增加产量。秸秆还田配施纯氮270 kg hm

-2

的产量最

高, 增产幅度最大。与单施氮肥相比, 秸秆还田配施

氮肥的小麦抽穗前干物质积累量及其占全生育期干

物质积累量的百分比较低, 而抽穗到成熟阶段则相

反; 全生育期干物质积累总量和收获指数较高, 有

利于提高小麦的籽粒产量。

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