2024年2月19日发(作者:蓝高超)
构词法精讲精练
安徽 崔怀金
英语的构词法主要有三种:合成法,派生法和转换法。
一、合成法
两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词叫合成词。常见的有合成形容词,合成名词,合成动词。
1. 合成名词
名词+名词:spaceship宇宙飞船;airplane飞机;football 足球;bedroom卧室;chairman主席;firewood柴火;girlfriend 女友;housewife家庭主妇;hometown家乡;moon-cake月饼;southeast东南方;sunlight阳光;shopkeeper店主;seafood海鲜;fireman 消防队员。
名词+介词+名词: son-in-law女婿;mother-in-law婆母/岳母;stander-by旁观者。
名词+动名词:handwriting手写;machine-building机械制造; sun-bathing 阳光浴。
动名词+名词:waiting-room候车/诊室;reading-room阅览室; sleeping-pill 安眠药。
形容词+名词:highway公路;blackboard黑板;blueprint蓝图;double-talk含糊其词;best-seller畅销书;gentleman绅士;shortwave短波;wildlife野生动物。
动词+名词:washroom厕所;crybaby 爱哭诉的人;watchdog看门狗。
名词+动词:daybreak黎明/拂晓;sunrise日出;sunset日落;haircut 理发;waterfall瀑布;rainfall降雨/降雨量;handshake握手;home-produce国产的;headache头疼。
动词+副词:get-together聚会;break-through突破;turn-off断开。
副词+动词:outbreak爆发;output输出;input输入。
介词/副词+名词:afternoon下午;by-product副产品。
2. 合成形容词
名词/形容词/副词+形容词:grass-green草绿的;colour-blind色盲的;duty-free免税的;light-blue浅蓝的;grey-green灰绿色。
名词/形容词/副词+过去分词:这类词合成形容词,与所修饰的名词之间构成了被动关系,如a well-known writer即a writer who is well known,故动词用过去分词形式表被动。而与人体部位或性情有关的名词,往往加上ed后与前面的形容词一起构成合成形容词。如:
man-made人造的;snow-covered白雪覆盖的;state-run国营的; ready-made现成的;low-priced价格低的;new-born新生的; widespread分布广的;quick-frozen速冻的;dry-cleaned干洗的;sunburnt晒黑的;so-called所谓的;absent-minded心不在焉的;blue-eyed蓝眼睛的;white-haire白发苍苍的;good-tempered脾气好的;three-legged三条腿的;middle-aged中年的。
名词/形容词/副词+现在分词:这类词所修饰的名词都与合成词中的动词有主谓关系,peace-loving people即people who love peace,所以动词只能用-ing形式表示这种主动关系。如:body-building健身;sightseeing观光;English-speaking讲英语的;flesh-eating食肉的;paper-making造纸的;good-looking好看的;hardworking勤劳的;far-reaching深远的,伸至远处的;breathtaking使人吃惊
的。
其它由介词、数词合成的形容词:face-to-face面对面的;heart-to-hear坦诚的; shoulder-by-shoulder肩并肩的;five-year-old五岁的;five-hundred-word五百字的;two-thirds三分之二的。
3. 合成动词
名词/形容词/副词+动词:mass-produce大规模生产;safe-guard 保卫;ill-treat虐待
4. 合成副词
代词/副词+副词:anywhere任何地方;however然而。
形容词/副词+名词:anyway无论如何;downstairs在楼下。
5. 合成代词
some,any,no可以与-thing,-one,-body构成合成词。如:anybody任何人;something某事;nobody没有人;someone某人。
二、转化法
转化是指词由一种词类转化为另一种,而词形不变。
1. 动词转化为名词
desire愿望;love爱;smell气味;attempt企图;fall下落;hit击中;answer回答;catch捕捉物;find发现物;cheat骗子;coach教练;cover封面;walk行走;throw抛弃;swim游泳
2. 形容词转化为名词
daily日报;weekly周报;final期终考试;right正确;wrong错误。
3. 名词转化为动词
map绘制地图;bottle装瓶;carpet铺地毯;butter涂黄油;coat给穿上上衣;oil上油;hand交付;nurse 护理;cash兑换现金;group分类;mail邮寄;bicycle骑自行车;boat装入船内。
4. 形容词转化为动词
fool愚弄;calm使平静;dirty弄脏;lower降下;empty变空;narrow变窄;slow减慢;back支持。
三、派生法
在一个单词的前面或后面加上一个词缀构成一个新词的方法称为派生词。加在前面的词缀成为前缀,加在后面的词缀成为后缀。常见的前后缀主要有:
1. 前缀
1)表示否定意义的前缀dis-, un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-等用在动词、形容词或名词前。如:
disappear 消失;dislike不喜欢;discourage泄气;discover 发现;disobey不遵从;disbelieve不相信;dishonest不诚实的;disadvantage 不利条件,缺点;unlock开锁;uncover揭开;unable不能的;unhealthy不健康的;unsuccessful 不成功的;uncommon不普通的;unpleasant令人不快的;unfortunate不幸的;indirect 间接的;incorrect 不正确的;inactive不活动的;impossible不可能的;illegal非法的;invisible看不见的;irregular不规则的。
2. re- 表示“重新,再”, 用在动词前。如:
return返回,归还;rebuild 重新建造; recycle 再循环; reconsider 重新考虑; review 复习;remarry再婚。
3. en-“使能够”,用在动词前。如:
encourage鼓励(使有勇气);enable使能够。
二、后缀
1. 名词后缀
1)表示人的后缀: –er,-or“„„者”;-ese“„„地方的人”;-ian“精通„„的人;„„地方的人”;-ist“专业人员”。如:speaker 演讲者;passenger 旅客;owner 所有者;competitor 竞争者;editor 编辑;operator 接线员;Japanese日本人;musician音乐家;Russian俄国人chemist 化学家;journalist 记者;typist 打字员;scientist 科学家;artist艺术家。
2)其它的名词后缀,多表示“性质、状态、动作、过程、结果”等,如-ment,-ness,-ence (ance) ,–tion,-ty等:kindness 仁慈;happiness快乐;business 商业;darkness 黑暗;weakness 虚弱;agreement 同意;disappointment 失望;treatment 疗法;employment 雇佣;encouragement 鼓励;honesty 诚实;difficulty困难;ability能力;poverty 贫穷;importance 重要性;performance 表演;silence 沉默;difference 不同。
2. 形容词后缀
形容词后缀多表示“具有„„性质;与„„有关”,常见的有:-able“可以„„的;显示„„性质„„”;-ful “充满„„的”;-less “没有„„的”;-y , -ly ,-ous,
-ish, -ic, -ical, -ive, -al 等“具有„„性质的”。如:respectable 可敬的;eatable 可吃的;comfortable 舒服的;valuable 有价值的;fashionable 时髦的;loveable 可爱的;beautiful 漂亮的;successful 成功的;wonderful 精彩的;mouthful 满嘴的;shameful可耻的;hopeful 充满希望的;jobless 无业的;cordless 无线的;homeless 无家可归的;helpless 无助的;funny 滑稽的;sunny 阳光明媚的;cloudy 多云的;wealthy 富有的;friendly 友好;fatherly 父亲般的;manly 有男子气概的;nervous 紧张的;famous 著名的;dangerous 危险的;poisonous 有毒的;mountainous 山区的;humorous 幽默的;foolish 愚蠢的;basic 基础的;scientific 科学的;medical 医药的;expensive 昂贵的;selfish 自私的;personal 个人的;educational 教育的;political政治的。
3.动词后缀
动词后缀多表示使动意义:-fy “使成为,使„„进入状态”;-is(z)e “使成为,使„„化”;-en表示“使„„”等。如:beautify 美化 ;simplify 简化;horrify 使恐怖;purify 净化;memorize 记住;apologize 道 歉;realize实 ;modernize 使„„现代化;industrialize使工业化;nationalize使国有化;widen 拓宽;blacken 染黑;fasten 扣紧;shorten 使变短,缩短。
4. 副词性后缀:
-ly“„„地”;-ward/-wards“朝向”等。如:completely完全地;really真正地; nervously 紧张地;noisily 吵闹地;finally 最后;quietly安静地;backward向后;upward向上
Ⅱ、高考回顾
从A、B、C、D中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1. My brother is really _______. He often works in his office far into the night.(2008天津卷)
A. open-minded B. hard-working C. self-confident D.
warm-hearted
2. Make sure you’ve got the passports and tickets and ______ before you leave.(2008山东卷)
A. something B. anything C. everything D.
nothing
3. ----- Hi, Mark. How was the musical evening?
----- Excellent! Ales and Andy performed _______ and they won the firs prize.(2008安徽卷)
A. skillfully B. commonly C. willingly D.
nervously
4. Running a company is not ______ a matter of hiring people — they also need to be
trained. (2008浙江卷)
A. simply B. partly C. seriously D.
equally
5. As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only ______.(2008湖北卷)
A. occasionally B. anxiously C. practically D.
urgently
6. Speaking of all the songs he has written, I think this is probably his ____ one.(2007
全国卷II)A. better-known B. well-known C. best-known
D. most-known
7. The final score of the basketball match was were only _____ beaten.(2007 天津卷)
A. nearly B. slightly C. narrowly D.
lightly
8. You can see the stars on a clear night, but in the daytime they are _______.(2006上海卷)
A. unavoidable B. invisible C. inaccessible D.
unavailable
Ⅲ、实战演练
从A、B、C、D中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1. He found a lot of ______ were ____.
A. passers-by; grown-ups B. passer-bys; growns-up
C. passer-bys; grown-ups D. passers- by; growns-up
2. If you want to study in an ______ country, you should first improve your ______
English.
A. English-speaking, spoken B. English-spoken, spoken
C. English-speaking, speaking D. English-spoken, speaking
3. Their ______ daughter is a ______ girl.
A. ten-years-old; good-looked B. ten-year-old; good-looked
C. ten-years-old; good-looking D. ten-year-old; good-looking
4. As you see, the panda used to be a kind of ______animal, but now they live only on
bamboo.
A. meat-eaten B. meat-ate C. meat-eating D. meat-eat
5. My sister has two beautiful ______.
A. tooth-brushes B. tooth-brush C. teeth-brushes D. teeth-brush
6. I have to write ______ composition this evening.
A. a 800-word B. a 800-words C. an 800-word D. an
800-words
7. The man is the only ______ of the car accident.
A. survival B. survive C. surviving D. survivor
8. Father Christmas is so ______that he presents to every child a present on Christmas
Day.
A. kind-heart B. kind-hearting C. kind-hearted D.
kindly-heart
9. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.
A. chemistry B. chemical C. chemist D. physician
10. He treats all his classmates ______.
A. manly B. friendly C. warmly D. brotherly
Ⅱ、高考回顾答案
1-5 BCAAA 6-8 CCB
1. B。考查合成形容词含义的区别:open-minded“无偏见的;虚心的”;hard-working“勤劳的”;self-confident“自信的”;warm-hearted“热心的”。
2. C。考查合成代词的用法。
3. A。考查派生词的含义区别:skillfully“灵巧地,娴熟地”;commonly“常见的;共同的”;willingly“自动地;欣然地”;nervously“紧张的”。
4. A。考查派生副词的含义区别。
5. A。occasionally“偶尔;偶然”;anxiously“急切地”;practically“几乎;实际上”;urgently“紧急地”。
6. C。考查合成形容词的比较等级。在all the songs中,应使用well-known的最高级。
7. C。narrowly 此处意为“险些;勉强地;侥幸地”。
8. B。考查派生词的含义区别:unavoidable“不可避免的”;invisible“看不见的”;inaccessible“难达到的”;unavailable“不可用的”。
Ⅲ、实战演练答案
1-5 AADCA 6-10 CDCCC
1.A。考查合成词的复数形式。“可数名词+介词(短语)”结构,只改名词部分,比如mother-in-law→mothers-in-law,looker-on→lookers-on;像grown-up这种“动词+副词”合成的名词在整个词尾后加-s。
2. A。English-speaking“说英语的”;spoken English“英语口语”。
3. D。由连字符构成的复合形容词中,名词不能用复数。look是系动词构成的复合词只能用-ing形式。
4. C。eat和panda之间有主动关系,即the panda eats meat。
5. A。tooth在合成词中作定语,变复数时只将中心词变成复数式。
6. C。由连字符构成的复合形容词中,名词不可以变成复数。
7. D。根据构词法可知:-val, -ing结尾的一般式形容词性,-or结尾的可以指人。survivor“幸存者”。
8. C。与人体部位或性情有关的名词,往往加上ed后与前面的形容词一起构成合成形容词。
9. C。-st或ian后缀构成的词是指人的名词,词根与chemistry有关,所以是chemist“化学家”;physician“(内科)医生”;chemistry“化学”;chemical“化学的”。
10. C。根据构词法的规律:名词加-ly构成的是形容词,而形容词加-ly构成副词。本题应使用副词,故选C。friendly的意思可用in a friendly way表达。
2024年2月19日发(作者:蓝高超)
构词法精讲精练
安徽 崔怀金
英语的构词法主要有三种:合成法,派生法和转换法。
一、合成法
两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词叫合成词。常见的有合成形容词,合成名词,合成动词。
1. 合成名词
名词+名词:spaceship宇宙飞船;airplane飞机;football 足球;bedroom卧室;chairman主席;firewood柴火;girlfriend 女友;housewife家庭主妇;hometown家乡;moon-cake月饼;southeast东南方;sunlight阳光;shopkeeper店主;seafood海鲜;fireman 消防队员。
名词+介词+名词: son-in-law女婿;mother-in-law婆母/岳母;stander-by旁观者。
名词+动名词:handwriting手写;machine-building机械制造; sun-bathing 阳光浴。
动名词+名词:waiting-room候车/诊室;reading-room阅览室; sleeping-pill 安眠药。
形容词+名词:highway公路;blackboard黑板;blueprint蓝图;double-talk含糊其词;best-seller畅销书;gentleman绅士;shortwave短波;wildlife野生动物。
动词+名词:washroom厕所;crybaby 爱哭诉的人;watchdog看门狗。
名词+动词:daybreak黎明/拂晓;sunrise日出;sunset日落;haircut 理发;waterfall瀑布;rainfall降雨/降雨量;handshake握手;home-produce国产的;headache头疼。
动词+副词:get-together聚会;break-through突破;turn-off断开。
副词+动词:outbreak爆发;output输出;input输入。
介词/副词+名词:afternoon下午;by-product副产品。
2. 合成形容词
名词/形容词/副词+形容词:grass-green草绿的;colour-blind色盲的;duty-free免税的;light-blue浅蓝的;grey-green灰绿色。
名词/形容词/副词+过去分词:这类词合成形容词,与所修饰的名词之间构成了被动关系,如a well-known writer即a writer who is well known,故动词用过去分词形式表被动。而与人体部位或性情有关的名词,往往加上ed后与前面的形容词一起构成合成形容词。如:
man-made人造的;snow-covered白雪覆盖的;state-run国营的; ready-made现成的;low-priced价格低的;new-born新生的; widespread分布广的;quick-frozen速冻的;dry-cleaned干洗的;sunburnt晒黑的;so-called所谓的;absent-minded心不在焉的;blue-eyed蓝眼睛的;white-haire白发苍苍的;good-tempered脾气好的;three-legged三条腿的;middle-aged中年的。
名词/形容词/副词+现在分词:这类词所修饰的名词都与合成词中的动词有主谓关系,peace-loving people即people who love peace,所以动词只能用-ing形式表示这种主动关系。如:body-building健身;sightseeing观光;English-speaking讲英语的;flesh-eating食肉的;paper-making造纸的;good-looking好看的;hardworking勤劳的;far-reaching深远的,伸至远处的;breathtaking使人吃惊
的。
其它由介词、数词合成的形容词:face-to-face面对面的;heart-to-hear坦诚的; shoulder-by-shoulder肩并肩的;five-year-old五岁的;five-hundred-word五百字的;two-thirds三分之二的。
3. 合成动词
名词/形容词/副词+动词:mass-produce大规模生产;safe-guard 保卫;ill-treat虐待
4. 合成副词
代词/副词+副词:anywhere任何地方;however然而。
形容词/副词+名词:anyway无论如何;downstairs在楼下。
5. 合成代词
some,any,no可以与-thing,-one,-body构成合成词。如:anybody任何人;something某事;nobody没有人;someone某人。
二、转化法
转化是指词由一种词类转化为另一种,而词形不变。
1. 动词转化为名词
desire愿望;love爱;smell气味;attempt企图;fall下落;hit击中;answer回答;catch捕捉物;find发现物;cheat骗子;coach教练;cover封面;walk行走;throw抛弃;swim游泳
2. 形容词转化为名词
daily日报;weekly周报;final期终考试;right正确;wrong错误。
3. 名词转化为动词
map绘制地图;bottle装瓶;carpet铺地毯;butter涂黄油;coat给穿上上衣;oil上油;hand交付;nurse 护理;cash兑换现金;group分类;mail邮寄;bicycle骑自行车;boat装入船内。
4. 形容词转化为动词
fool愚弄;calm使平静;dirty弄脏;lower降下;empty变空;narrow变窄;slow减慢;back支持。
三、派生法
在一个单词的前面或后面加上一个词缀构成一个新词的方法称为派生词。加在前面的词缀成为前缀,加在后面的词缀成为后缀。常见的前后缀主要有:
1. 前缀
1)表示否定意义的前缀dis-, un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-等用在动词、形容词或名词前。如:
disappear 消失;dislike不喜欢;discourage泄气;discover 发现;disobey不遵从;disbelieve不相信;dishonest不诚实的;disadvantage 不利条件,缺点;unlock开锁;uncover揭开;unable不能的;unhealthy不健康的;unsuccessful 不成功的;uncommon不普通的;unpleasant令人不快的;unfortunate不幸的;indirect 间接的;incorrect 不正确的;inactive不活动的;impossible不可能的;illegal非法的;invisible看不见的;irregular不规则的。
2. re- 表示“重新,再”, 用在动词前。如:
return返回,归还;rebuild 重新建造; recycle 再循环; reconsider 重新考虑; review 复习;remarry再婚。
3. en-“使能够”,用在动词前。如:
encourage鼓励(使有勇气);enable使能够。
二、后缀
1. 名词后缀
1)表示人的后缀: –er,-or“„„者”;-ese“„„地方的人”;-ian“精通„„的人;„„地方的人”;-ist“专业人员”。如:speaker 演讲者;passenger 旅客;owner 所有者;competitor 竞争者;editor 编辑;operator 接线员;Japanese日本人;musician音乐家;Russian俄国人chemist 化学家;journalist 记者;typist 打字员;scientist 科学家;artist艺术家。
2)其它的名词后缀,多表示“性质、状态、动作、过程、结果”等,如-ment,-ness,-ence (ance) ,–tion,-ty等:kindness 仁慈;happiness快乐;business 商业;darkness 黑暗;weakness 虚弱;agreement 同意;disappointment 失望;treatment 疗法;employment 雇佣;encouragement 鼓励;honesty 诚实;difficulty困难;ability能力;poverty 贫穷;importance 重要性;performance 表演;silence 沉默;difference 不同。
2. 形容词后缀
形容词后缀多表示“具有„„性质;与„„有关”,常见的有:-able“可以„„的;显示„„性质„„”;-ful “充满„„的”;-less “没有„„的”;-y , -ly ,-ous,
-ish, -ic, -ical, -ive, -al 等“具有„„性质的”。如:respectable 可敬的;eatable 可吃的;comfortable 舒服的;valuable 有价值的;fashionable 时髦的;loveable 可爱的;beautiful 漂亮的;successful 成功的;wonderful 精彩的;mouthful 满嘴的;shameful可耻的;hopeful 充满希望的;jobless 无业的;cordless 无线的;homeless 无家可归的;helpless 无助的;funny 滑稽的;sunny 阳光明媚的;cloudy 多云的;wealthy 富有的;friendly 友好;fatherly 父亲般的;manly 有男子气概的;nervous 紧张的;famous 著名的;dangerous 危险的;poisonous 有毒的;mountainous 山区的;humorous 幽默的;foolish 愚蠢的;basic 基础的;scientific 科学的;medical 医药的;expensive 昂贵的;selfish 自私的;personal 个人的;educational 教育的;political政治的。
3.动词后缀
动词后缀多表示使动意义:-fy “使成为,使„„进入状态”;-is(z)e “使成为,使„„化”;-en表示“使„„”等。如:beautify 美化 ;simplify 简化;horrify 使恐怖;purify 净化;memorize 记住;apologize 道 歉;realize实 ;modernize 使„„现代化;industrialize使工业化;nationalize使国有化;widen 拓宽;blacken 染黑;fasten 扣紧;shorten 使变短,缩短。
4. 副词性后缀:
-ly“„„地”;-ward/-wards“朝向”等。如:completely完全地;really真正地; nervously 紧张地;noisily 吵闹地;finally 最后;quietly安静地;backward向后;upward向上
Ⅱ、高考回顾
从A、B、C、D中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1. My brother is really _______. He often works in his office far into the night.(2008天津卷)
A. open-minded B. hard-working C. self-confident D.
warm-hearted
2. Make sure you’ve got the passports and tickets and ______ before you leave.(2008山东卷)
A. something B. anything C. everything D.
nothing
3. ----- Hi, Mark. How was the musical evening?
----- Excellent! Ales and Andy performed _______ and they won the firs prize.(2008安徽卷)
A. skillfully B. commonly C. willingly D.
nervously
4. Running a company is not ______ a matter of hiring people — they also need to be
trained. (2008浙江卷)
A. simply B. partly C. seriously D.
equally
5. As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only ______.(2008湖北卷)
A. occasionally B. anxiously C. practically D.
urgently
6. Speaking of all the songs he has written, I think this is probably his ____ one.(2007
全国卷II)A. better-known B. well-known C. best-known
D. most-known
7. The final score of the basketball match was were only _____ beaten.(2007 天津卷)
A. nearly B. slightly C. narrowly D.
lightly
8. You can see the stars on a clear night, but in the daytime they are _______.(2006上海卷)
A. unavoidable B. invisible C. inaccessible D.
unavailable
Ⅲ、实战演练
从A、B、C、D中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1. He found a lot of ______ were ____.
A. passers-by; grown-ups B. passer-bys; growns-up
C. passer-bys; grown-ups D. passers- by; growns-up
2. If you want to study in an ______ country, you should first improve your ______
English.
A. English-speaking, spoken B. English-spoken, spoken
C. English-speaking, speaking D. English-spoken, speaking
3. Their ______ daughter is a ______ girl.
A. ten-years-old; good-looked B. ten-year-old; good-looked
C. ten-years-old; good-looking D. ten-year-old; good-looking
4. As you see, the panda used to be a kind of ______animal, but now they live only on
bamboo.
A. meat-eaten B. meat-ate C. meat-eating D. meat-eat
5. My sister has two beautiful ______.
A. tooth-brushes B. tooth-brush C. teeth-brushes D. teeth-brush
6. I have to write ______ composition this evening.
A. a 800-word B. a 800-words C. an 800-word D. an
800-words
7. The man is the only ______ of the car accident.
A. survival B. survive C. surviving D. survivor
8. Father Christmas is so ______that he presents to every child a present on Christmas
Day.
A. kind-heart B. kind-hearting C. kind-hearted D.
kindly-heart
9. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.
A. chemistry B. chemical C. chemist D. physician
10. He treats all his classmates ______.
A. manly B. friendly C. warmly D. brotherly
Ⅱ、高考回顾答案
1-5 BCAAA 6-8 CCB
1. B。考查合成形容词含义的区别:open-minded“无偏见的;虚心的”;hard-working“勤劳的”;self-confident“自信的”;warm-hearted“热心的”。
2. C。考查合成代词的用法。
3. A。考查派生词的含义区别:skillfully“灵巧地,娴熟地”;commonly“常见的;共同的”;willingly“自动地;欣然地”;nervously“紧张的”。
4. A。考查派生副词的含义区别。
5. A。occasionally“偶尔;偶然”;anxiously“急切地”;practically“几乎;实际上”;urgently“紧急地”。
6. C。考查合成形容词的比较等级。在all the songs中,应使用well-known的最高级。
7. C。narrowly 此处意为“险些;勉强地;侥幸地”。
8. B。考查派生词的含义区别:unavoidable“不可避免的”;invisible“看不见的”;inaccessible“难达到的”;unavailable“不可用的”。
Ⅲ、实战演练答案
1-5 AADCA 6-10 CDCCC
1.A。考查合成词的复数形式。“可数名词+介词(短语)”结构,只改名词部分,比如mother-in-law→mothers-in-law,looker-on→lookers-on;像grown-up这种“动词+副词”合成的名词在整个词尾后加-s。
2. A。English-speaking“说英语的”;spoken English“英语口语”。
3. D。由连字符构成的复合形容词中,名词不能用复数。look是系动词构成的复合词只能用-ing形式。
4. C。eat和panda之间有主动关系,即the panda eats meat。
5. A。tooth在合成词中作定语,变复数时只将中心词变成复数式。
6. C。由连字符构成的复合形容词中,名词不可以变成复数。
7. D。根据构词法可知:-val, -ing结尾的一般式形容词性,-or结尾的可以指人。survivor“幸存者”。
8. C。与人体部位或性情有关的名词,往往加上ed后与前面的形容词一起构成合成形容词。
9. C。-st或ian后缀构成的词是指人的名词,词根与chemistry有关,所以是chemist“化学家”;physician“(内科)医生”;chemistry“化学”;chemical“化学的”。
10. C。根据构词法的规律:名词加-ly构成的是形容词,而形容词加-ly构成副词。本题应使用副词,故选C。friendly的意思可用in a friendly way表达。