2024年2月24日发(作者：么访冬)
England was prosperous when Henry II ascended the throne: the wounds caused by a long
civil war are healing; the introduction of advanced agricultural technology has caused a surge
in population; more and more towns have replaced the countryside, and business and
handicraft have flourished unprecedentedly;
The "Renaissance" of Roman culture; the people's understanding of law has also risen to a
new level.
What Henry II had to do was to understand the current affairs, adapt to the development of
the times, and reform the territory under the gorse, while continuing the ambitions of Anru,
consolidating territorial sovereignty, and enabling it to be successfully passed on.
Henry II, as the first King of the Gorse Dynasty, injected fresh blood into the English legal
system, and some of the laws reformed by Henry II have continued to this day.
He improved the "jury system" that existed during the Anglo-Saxon period, and added the
"jury jury", the predecessor of the modern jury system, to criminal and civil lawsuits to ensure
the fairness of the litigation process.
accuracy.
With the re-introduction of the Civil Code of the Roman Empire, Henry II and his judges also
sharply reformed the English civil law. The provision of various types of civil writs also made
the handling of civil disputes (mostly land disputes) more
Fair and sane.
For the circuit courts and royal courts that were once neglected during King Stephen's period,
Henry II also strengthened and held the legal power firmly in the hands of the central
government. This series of reforms also formed the embryonic form of the modern "Supreme
Court".
It can be said that in law reform, Heng used sophisticated methods to closely integrate the
tide of the times with his feudal ambitions and chivalry spirit, and made outstanding
contributions to the legal system of later generations.
Henry II had the courage to fight well.
At the age of thirteen, he led his army to England to assist his mother in battle (although the
operation ended in a humor), and as an adult he took over his mother's banner and continued
to fight King Stephen.
In the face of the rebellion of the queen and his children's union with the King of France,
Henry was not shocked. He used his powerful tactical mind and extraordinary courage to
defeat the enemies one by one, leaving an indelible image for the enemies.
King Henry is an ambition who has a strong desire to control and possess.
Henry II was naturally hyperactive and constantly ran on the land of his huge "Anjo Empire".
Although the "homelessness" of the royal government was normal at that time, the speed of
Henry's movement and the frequency of relocation were a bit surprising.
Henry would do that because he tried to personally control every corner of his empire.
(At this point, his son, King of Lands, John, is the same.) The king subconsciously believed that
"there is no earth in the whole world." The way he gave a series of confiscations to vassals
was to warn them-"You can
Deserving these lands is not because of your feudal obligations, but because of me, the gift
of your King Henry. "The most famous event is presumably the coercion of the" strong bow
"of Count Penbrook, who became King of Leinster, by force.
Hand over a large area of Ireland.
The same was true of Henry of his family's territory. The arbitrary use of his wife's Eleanor's
Aquitaine lands and his refusal to confer real rights to his sons who obtained the land, and
handed over his income directly contributed to Henry II's disability in his later years.
Tragedy.
It was because of Henry II's excessive possessiveness that some of the unhappy and
uncomfortable lords gave him the name of "Tyrant".
Henry II was a firm pragmatist, he only needed the most useful and advantageous.
The restless king hated all kinds of religious activities and festivals (ordering knights to be
banned), and he was only interested in controlling every inch of his country.
He entrusted the majesty of the royal family to his close friend and chief judge, Thomas Becket,
and he continued to travel back and forth between the castles.
(This is similar to Peter the Great)He is not a monarch who is compatible with the church.
Unlike the other two Henrys (Henry I "religious", Henry III), the church in the eyes of Henry II
is a political enemy that erodes worldly power.
In the "Clarendon Ordinance", the power of trial for criminal priests given to the church since
William I was even revoked, and no king was allowed to appeal to the Holy See.
But when Archbishop Canterbury, his old friend and today's deadly enemy, Thomas Becket,
was killed in his own name, Henry II chose to compromise to abolish the "Clarendon" for the
indignation of the common people and to avoid the anger of the Holy See.
Ordinance, but still holds the right of appointment of the priest.
After suppressing the grand rebellion, Henry II humbly came to Beckett's grave as a penitent,
fasting for a few days to ask for forgiveness, and established a look of a heart that looked
refreshed and repentant.
.
Henry effectively managed his dynasty, and every step of the abacus played well.
Judging from the arrangement inherited by his son-in-law, Henry was not in a hurry to
succeed: he gave England, Normandy and Anjo to his eldest son, Henry.
It is hoped that future generations will first integrate these regions into a unified empire,
instead of rushing to force Aquitaine into it.
It is also because of the above-mentioned problem-too strong desire for control, Henry
stirred up great unease and distrust between the queen and the four children, the civil war
under the interference of foreign forces and the death of the eldest son Henry and the third
child, Joffroy, were directly knocked Broken Henry calculated the results of most of his life.
亨利二世登基时的英格兰正在走向繁荣：长期内战造成的创伤正在愈合；先进的农业技术的引进使得人口激增；越来越多的城镇取代了乡村，商业和手工业空前繁荣；学界中兴起了关于罗马文化的“文艺复兴”；人民对于法律的认识也上升到了新的高度。而亨利二世要做的就是在识时务、顺应时代发展，革新金雀花治下的领地的同时继续安茹的王朝野心，巩固领土主权，并使其得以顺利传承。
亨利二世作为金雀花王朝的首任君王，为英格兰的法律体系注入了新鲜的血液，经亨利二世改革的部分法律延续至今。他改进了盎格鲁-撒克逊时期就存在的“陪审团制度”，在刑事案件与民事案件的诉讼中都加入了“呈堂陪审团”这一现代陪审制度的前身以确保诉讼过程中的公正性于准确性。随着罗马帝国《民法典》的重新传入，亨利二世及其法官也敏锐地革新了英格兰的民事法律，提供各类民事令状的举措也使得民事纠纷（大多是土地纠纷）在处理上更为公平、理智。
对于斯蒂芬王时期一度被忽视的巡回法庭和王室法庭，亨利二世也予以强化，将法律方面的权力牢牢掌握在中央手中，这一系列改革也形成了现代“最高法院”的雏形。
可以说在法律改革方面亨利用老练的手段将时代的潮流与自己的封建野心、骑士精神紧密结合，对后世的法律体系做出了杰出的贡献。
亨利二世勇气过人，能征善战。在十三岁时就率军登陆英格兰协助其母作战（虽然这次行动在一片滑稽中收场了），成年后更是接过母亲
的旗帜继续与斯蒂芬王战斗。
在面对王后与子嗣们联合法兰西国王的叛乱中，亨利处变不惊，动用其强大的战术头脑和过人的胆识将敌人逐一击破，给敌人们留下难以磨灭的映像。
亨利王是一位控制欲、占有欲极强的野心家。亨利二世天生多动，不断奔走在他庞大的“安茹帝国”的土地上，虽然在那个年代王室政府“居无定所”是常态，但亨利地移动速度和搬迁频率都高的有些惊人，亨利会那么做就是因为他试图亲自控制自己帝国的每一个角落。（这一点上他的儿子“无地王”约翰也是一样的） 国王在潜意识中就坚信“普天之下 莫非王土”，对封臣一系列没收再给予的做法就是告诫他们——“你们能配享有这些土地不是因为你们交来的封建义务，而是因为我，你们的亨利王的恩赐。”最著名的事件想必就是以武力胁迫成为伦斯特国王的彭布鲁克伯爵“强弓”理查交出大片爱尔兰的领土。对于自己家人的领地亨利也一样跋扈，对其妻埃莉诺的阿基坦公国土地的随意使用和拒绝向得到封地的儿子们委以实权、交出收入直接促成了亨利二世晚年骨肉相残的悲剧。正是因为亨利二世过强的占有欲，部分感到不快、不适的领主才给了他“暴君”的名号。
亨利二世是坚定的实用主义者，他只需要最有用的、最有利的。
躁动的国王反感于各类宗教活动和节日庆典（下令禁止骑士竞技），他只对于控制自己的每一寸国土感兴趣。他将弘扬王室之威严的任务交给了挚友、首席法官——托马斯.贝克特，而他就继续在城堡间来回奔波。（这一点和彼得大帝挺像的）
他也不是和教会合得来的君主，不像另外两位亨利（亨利一世“虔诚者”，亨利三世），亨利二世眼中的教会就是侵蚀世俗权力的政敌。在《克拉伦登条例》中，更是收回了自威廉一世起就给予教会的审判犯罪教士的权力，还下令没有国王恩准，任何人不得上诉教廷。
但当坎特伯雷大主教，往日的旧友、今日的死敌——托马斯.贝克特被以自己的名义诛杀后，亨利二世为了平民愤和躲避教廷的怒火，他选择了妥协，废除了《克拉伦登条例》，但依旧手握教士的任命权。
在之后镇压里应外合的大叛乱的时候，亨利二世还谦恭地以忏悔者的姿态来到贝克特的墓前，斋戒数日请求宽恕，树立了一个看上去洗心革面，虔诚悔罪的国王的形象，大得人心。亨利有效地经营着自己的王朝，每一步的算盘都打得很好。
从子嗣继承的安排上来看，亨利并不急于求成：将英格兰、诺曼底和安茹交给长子小亨利。希望后世能先将这些地区整合为一整齐划一的帝国，而不是急吼吼地把阿基坦也强行划进去。
也是因为上述的问题——过强的控制欲，亨利激起了王后与四个孩子极大的不安与不信任，境外势力干涉下的内战及长子亨利、老三若弗鲁瓦的死直接敲碎了亨利盘算了大半辈子的成果。
2024年2月24日发(作者：么访冬)
England was prosperous when Henry II ascended the throne: the wounds caused by a long
civil war are healing; the introduction of advanced agricultural technology has caused a surge
in population; more and more towns have replaced the countryside, and business and
handicraft have flourished unprecedentedly;
The "Renaissance" of Roman culture; the people's understanding of law has also risen to a
new level.
What Henry II had to do was to understand the current affairs, adapt to the development of
the times, and reform the territory under the gorse, while continuing the ambitions of Anru,
consolidating territorial sovereignty, and enabling it to be successfully passed on.
Henry II, as the first King of the Gorse Dynasty, injected fresh blood into the English legal
system, and some of the laws reformed by Henry II have continued to this day.
He improved the "jury system" that existed during the Anglo-Saxon period, and added the
"jury jury", the predecessor of the modern jury system, to criminal and civil lawsuits to ensure
the fairness of the litigation process.
accuracy.
With the re-introduction of the Civil Code of the Roman Empire, Henry II and his judges also
sharply reformed the English civil law. The provision of various types of civil writs also made
the handling of civil disputes (mostly land disputes) more
Fair and sane.
For the circuit courts and royal courts that were once neglected during King Stephen's period,
Henry II also strengthened and held the legal power firmly in the hands of the central
government. This series of reforms also formed the embryonic form of the modern "Supreme
Court".
It can be said that in law reform, Heng used sophisticated methods to closely integrate the
tide of the times with his feudal ambitions and chivalry spirit, and made outstanding
contributions to the legal system of later generations.
Henry II had the courage to fight well.
At the age of thirteen, he led his army to England to assist his mother in battle (although the
operation ended in a humor), and as an adult he took over his mother's banner and continued
to fight King Stephen.
In the face of the rebellion of the queen and his children's union with the King of France,
Henry was not shocked. He used his powerful tactical mind and extraordinary courage to
defeat the enemies one by one, leaving an indelible image for the enemies.
King Henry is an ambition who has a strong desire to control and possess.
Henry II was naturally hyperactive and constantly ran on the land of his huge "Anjo Empire".
Although the "homelessness" of the royal government was normal at that time, the speed of
Henry's movement and the frequency of relocation were a bit surprising.
Henry would do that because he tried to personally control every corner of his empire.
(At this point, his son, King of Lands, John, is the same.) The king subconsciously believed that
"there is no earth in the whole world." The way he gave a series of confiscations to vassals
was to warn them-"You can
Deserving these lands is not because of your feudal obligations, but because of me, the gift
of your King Henry. "The most famous event is presumably the coercion of the" strong bow
"of Count Penbrook, who became King of Leinster, by force.
Hand over a large area of Ireland.
The same was true of Henry of his family's territory. The arbitrary use of his wife's Eleanor's
Aquitaine lands and his refusal to confer real rights to his sons who obtained the land, and
handed over his income directly contributed to Henry II's disability in his later years.
Tragedy.
It was because of Henry II's excessive possessiveness that some of the unhappy and
uncomfortable lords gave him the name of "Tyrant".
Henry II was a firm pragmatist, he only needed the most useful and advantageous.
The restless king hated all kinds of religious activities and festivals (ordering knights to be
banned), and he was only interested in controlling every inch of his country.
He entrusted the majesty of the royal family to his close friend and chief judge, Thomas Becket,
and he continued to travel back and forth between the castles.
(This is similar to Peter the Great)He is not a monarch who is compatible with the church.
Unlike the other two Henrys (Henry I "religious", Henry III), the church in the eyes of Henry II
is a political enemy that erodes worldly power.
In the "Clarendon Ordinance", the power of trial for criminal priests given to the church since
William I was even revoked, and no king was allowed to appeal to the Holy See.
But when Archbishop Canterbury, his old friend and today's deadly enemy, Thomas Becket,
was killed in his own name, Henry II chose to compromise to abolish the "Clarendon" for the
indignation of the common people and to avoid the anger of the Holy See.
Ordinance, but still holds the right of appointment of the priest.
After suppressing the grand rebellion, Henry II humbly came to Beckett's grave as a penitent,
fasting for a few days to ask for forgiveness, and established a look of a heart that looked
refreshed and repentant.
.
Henry effectively managed his dynasty, and every step of the abacus played well.
Judging from the arrangement inherited by his son-in-law, Henry was not in a hurry to
succeed: he gave England, Normandy and Anjo to his eldest son, Henry.
It is hoped that future generations will first integrate these regions into a unified empire,
instead of rushing to force Aquitaine into it.
It is also because of the above-mentioned problem-too strong desire for control, Henry
stirred up great unease and distrust between the queen and the four children, the civil war
under the interference of foreign forces and the death of the eldest son Henry and the third
child, Joffroy, were directly knocked Broken Henry calculated the results of most of his life.
亨利二世登基时的英格兰正在走向繁荣：长期内战造成的创伤正在愈合；先进的农业技术的引进使得人口激增；越来越多的城镇取代了乡村，商业和手工业空前繁荣；学界中兴起了关于罗马文化的“文艺复兴”；人民对于法律的认识也上升到了新的高度。而亨利二世要做的就是在识时务、顺应时代发展，革新金雀花治下的领地的同时继续安茹的王朝野心，巩固领土主权，并使其得以顺利传承。
亨利二世作为金雀花王朝的首任君王，为英格兰的法律体系注入了新鲜的血液，经亨利二世改革的部分法律延续至今。他改进了盎格鲁-撒克逊时期就存在的“陪审团制度”，在刑事案件与民事案件的诉讼中都加入了“呈堂陪审团”这一现代陪审制度的前身以确保诉讼过程中的公正性于准确性。随着罗马帝国《民法典》的重新传入，亨利二世及其法官也敏锐地革新了英格兰的民事法律，提供各类民事令状的举措也使得民事纠纷（大多是土地纠纷）在处理上更为公平、理智。
对于斯蒂芬王时期一度被忽视的巡回法庭和王室法庭，亨利二世也予以强化，将法律方面的权力牢牢掌握在中央手中，这一系列改革也形成了现代“最高法院”的雏形。
可以说在法律改革方面亨利用老练的手段将时代的潮流与自己的封建野心、骑士精神紧密结合，对后世的法律体系做出了杰出的贡献。
亨利二世勇气过人，能征善战。在十三岁时就率军登陆英格兰协助其母作战（虽然这次行动在一片滑稽中收场了），成年后更是接过母亲
的旗帜继续与斯蒂芬王战斗。
在面对王后与子嗣们联合法兰西国王的叛乱中，亨利处变不惊，动用其强大的战术头脑和过人的胆识将敌人逐一击破，给敌人们留下难以磨灭的映像。
亨利王是一位控制欲、占有欲极强的野心家。亨利二世天生多动，不断奔走在他庞大的“安茹帝国”的土地上，虽然在那个年代王室政府“居无定所”是常态，但亨利地移动速度和搬迁频率都高的有些惊人，亨利会那么做就是因为他试图亲自控制自己帝国的每一个角落。（这一点上他的儿子“无地王”约翰也是一样的） 国王在潜意识中就坚信“普天之下 莫非王土”，对封臣一系列没收再给予的做法就是告诫他们——“你们能配享有这些土地不是因为你们交来的封建义务，而是因为我，你们的亨利王的恩赐。”最著名的事件想必就是以武力胁迫成为伦斯特国王的彭布鲁克伯爵“强弓”理查交出大片爱尔兰的领土。对于自己家人的领地亨利也一样跋扈，对其妻埃莉诺的阿基坦公国土地的随意使用和拒绝向得到封地的儿子们委以实权、交出收入直接促成了亨利二世晚年骨肉相残的悲剧。正是因为亨利二世过强的占有欲，部分感到不快、不适的领主才给了他“暴君”的名号。
亨利二世是坚定的实用主义者，他只需要最有用的、最有利的。
躁动的国王反感于各类宗教活动和节日庆典（下令禁止骑士竞技），他只对于控制自己的每一寸国土感兴趣。他将弘扬王室之威严的任务交给了挚友、首席法官——托马斯.贝克特，而他就继续在城堡间来回奔波。（这一点和彼得大帝挺像的）
他也不是和教会合得来的君主，不像另外两位亨利（亨利一世“虔诚者”，亨利三世），亨利二世眼中的教会就是侵蚀世俗权力的政敌。在《克拉伦登条例》中，更是收回了自威廉一世起就给予教会的审判犯罪教士的权力，还下令没有国王恩准，任何人不得上诉教廷。
但当坎特伯雷大主教，往日的旧友、今日的死敌——托马斯.贝克特被以自己的名义诛杀后，亨利二世为了平民愤和躲避教廷的怒火，他选择了妥协，废除了《克拉伦登条例》，但依旧手握教士的任命权。
在之后镇压里应外合的大叛乱的时候，亨利二世还谦恭地以忏悔者的姿态来到贝克特的墓前，斋戒数日请求宽恕，树立了一个看上去洗心革面，虔诚悔罪的国王的形象，大得人心。亨利有效地经营着自己的王朝，每一步的算盘都打得很好。
从子嗣继承的安排上来看，亨利并不急于求成：将英格兰、诺曼底和安茹交给长子小亨利。希望后世能先将这些地区整合为一整齐划一的帝国，而不是急吼吼地把阿基坦也强行划进去。
也是因为上述的问题——过强的控制欲，亨利激起了王后与四个孩子极大的不安与不信任，境外势力干涉下的内战及长子亨利、老三若弗鲁瓦的死直接敲碎了亨利盘算了大半辈子的成果。