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2024年2月28日发(作者：鄂婉容)

2012年复旦大学考博英语试卷（原题来源自辅导班，手工整理，有不完善的地方请理解）词汇1 It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______ way the store was organized.A logical B haphazard C orderly D tidy2 Mississippi also uplolds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy

year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructive B horrible C amiable D delectable3 If she is stupid,she’s _____pleasant to look at.A at any rate B by chance C at a loss D by the way4 The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantastic B frank C frantic D frenzy5 In your teens,peer-group friendships may _____from parents as the major influence on you.A take control B take place C take up D take over6 Parents often faced the ___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the

child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradox B junction C premise D dilemma7There have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake of B in the course ofC in the context of D in the light of8Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been

wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudged B denied C negated D invalidated9 It has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically

programmed abilith to use language, is still not well defined and understood.A potentiality B perception C faculty D acquisition10 Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally

accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted in B originated from C trapped in D indulged in11 When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however ,he responded

_____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguously B implicitly C unhesitatingly D optimistically12 The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be

effectively _______by the use of humor.A acquainted B installed C regulated D facilitated13 In both America and Europe,it is _____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from 10% to

20%.A elementary B temporary C voluntary D customary14 Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid

departmental borndaries.A pass over B stand for C break down Dset off

15 As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursued B seduced C consumed D guaranteed16 His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplified B created C performed D realized17 They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimate B prime C next D cardinal18 The poor old man was _____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his

eyesight and become crippled very soon.A suffered B afflicted C induced D infected19 The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to

take them to Rome to _______the marriage.A terminate B initiate Cconsummate D separate20 Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a _____effort to help the poorer

countries.A futile B glittering C frantic D concentrated21 The problem is inherent and _______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours

during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics

and politicians.A perishable B periodical C perverse D perennial22As is known to all ,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeit B fake C imitative D fraudulent23 It would be _____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtle Bfeeble C nasty D naïve24It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmed B clarified C committed D converyed25 Hummans are ___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rational B reasonable C hesitant D intuitive26 More than 100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been

collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A loose B tamed C wild D stary27 To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused panie.A excuse B indulgence C exaggeration D understatement28 Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher ,aiming at truth,must not ____the

seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject to B carry on C yield to D aim at29 I found the subject very difficult ,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you

directions are so clear and ____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think

pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the point B off the point C to the point D up to a point30 They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged

them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to _____what could have happened.A rehearse B reiterate C reinforce D reenact

can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America

during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the

(a) earnings of the person at time of death

(b) wealth of the party causing the death

(d) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed

can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800's children were generally

regarded by their families as individuals who

(a) needed enormous amounts of security and affection

阅读：AIn 1896 a georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told

that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability

for damages. in contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in

New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000. the transformation in

social values implicit in juxta- posing these two incidents is the subject of viviana zelizer's

excellent book, pricing the priceless child. during the nineteenth century, she argues, the

concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the

present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed

extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless." well established among

segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's, this new view of childhood spread

through- out society in the iate-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced

child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a

child's emotional value made child labor taboo. for zelizer the origins of this transformation were

many and complex. the gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial

economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of

the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather

than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth. yet "expulsion

of children from the 'cash nexus,'... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic,

occupational, and family structures," zelizer maintains. "was also part of a cultural process 'of

sacralization' of children's lives. " protecting children from the crass business world became

enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this

sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of

human values by the marketplace. in stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth. zelizer

takes issue with practitioners of the new "sociological economics," who have analyzed such

traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their

economic determinants. allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual

"preferences," these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the

principle of maximizing economic gain. zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes

instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to

transform price. as children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their

"exchange" or " surrender" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth

into cash terms, became much greater.

(b) required constant supervision while working

(d) were unsuited to spending long hours in school

of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of

children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are

described in the passage?

(a) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents

began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of

their children.

(b) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their

humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual

(d) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory

education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.

primary purpose of the passage is to

(a) review the literature in a new academic subfield

(b) present the central thesis of a recent book

(d) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon

r refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment

of children's worth except changes in

(a) the mortality rate

(b) the nature of industry

(d) attitudes toward reform movements

Bexpected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.

A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle

of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic

and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her

that thepavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: 'I'm

going

to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.' It did not occurto the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian

towalk down the middle of the road, then the end of such libertywould be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in

everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual

liberty would have become social is a danger of

the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old

lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind

ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in

Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which

do not touch anybody else's liberty, of course, I may be as free as I

like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown whoshall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I haveliberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or

wearing an

overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I

shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission. I shall not

inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will

not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you

may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to

Wordsworth, or champagne to

all these and a thousand other details you and I pleaseourselves and ask no one's leave. We have a whole kingdom inwhich we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous,

harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we

step out of that

kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other

people's liberty. I might like to practice on the trombone from

midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of

Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom

my family will object, and if I do it out in the streets

the neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone

must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in are a

order that the liberties of all may be preserved,

the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the

policeman,say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of

the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of

tyranny, but of may not think so. You may, being

in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of

office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare

this fellow interfere withyour free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a

reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not

interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the

result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom

that you would never

cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private

libertyin order that you may enjoy a social order which makes yourliberty a reality.

lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to

their are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately

we are much

more conscious of the imperfections of others in this

respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or

feelings of others is the foundation of social is in the

small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road,

that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and

declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of

heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits ofcommonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life andsweeten or make bitter the journey.1. The author might have stated his ‘rule of the road’ asA. do not walk in the middle of the road

B. follow the orders of policemen

C. do not behave inconsiderately in public

D. do what you like in private

2. The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one isA. condescending B. intolerant C. objective D supportive3 A situation analogous to the ‘insolence of office’ described in paragraph 2 would beA. a teacher correcting grammar errors

B. an editor shortening the text of an article

C. a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accounts

D. an army office giving orders to a soldier

4 The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA. all matters of dress and food

B. any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of others

C. anything that is not against the law

D. his own home

5 In the sentence ‘ We are all liable.. the author isA. pointing out a general weakness

B. emphasizing his main point

C. countering a general misconception

D. suggesting a remedy

C The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the

world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had

she

died - as she nearly did - upon her return to England,

her

reputation would hardly have been different; her legend

would

She arrived in England in a shattered state of health.

The

hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years

had

undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected;

she

suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible

attacks of utter

25 physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing

alone

would save her - a complete and prolonged rest. But that

was also

the one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She

5 have come down to us almost as we know it today - that

gentle

vision of female virtue which first took shape before the

adoring

eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of

fact, she

lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War;

and

during the greater part of that long period all the energy

and all the

10 devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at

their

highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of

unknown

labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than

her

Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The

true

history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss

Nightingale's

15 own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident -

scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career.

It was the

fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it

was

only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to

sit in

secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the

very

20 moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.

Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the

hills

of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she

was

haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari - the

hideous

45 vision of the organization of a military hospital. She

would lay that

phantom, or she would perish. The whole system of the

Army Medical Department, the education of the Medical

Officer,

the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How could

she rest

while these things were as they were, while, if the like

necessity

50 were to arise again, the like results would follow? And,

had

never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin

now?

Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the

iron

30 was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do;

and,

come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in

vain;

in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her

friends

pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness?

Mad -

possessed - perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her.

35 she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books,

dictated

letters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations,

cracked jokes. For

months at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would

not rest.

At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not

die, she

would become an invalid for life. She could not help that;

there

40 was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she

might rest ...

when she had done it.

1. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's

life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following exceptA. less dramatic

B. less demanding

C. less well-known to the public

D. more important

Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA. mentally shattered

B. stubborn and querulous

C. physically weak but mentally indomitable

D. purposeful yet tiresomeeven in

peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the

Army?

The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly

double the

mortality in civil life. 'You might as well take 1, 100

men every

year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,' she said.

After

55 inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly.

'Yes, this

is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea,

put to

death 16,000 men.' Scutari had given her knowledge; and it

had

given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her

back -

an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie

before

60 her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to

look to

the health of the Army.

3 . The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is toA. account for conditions in the army

B. show the need for hospital reform

C. explain Miss Nightingale's main concerns

D. argue that peacetime conditions were worse than wartime conditions

The author's attitude to his material isA. disinterested reporting of biographical details

B. over-inflation of a reputation

C. debunking a myth

D. interpretation as well as narration5 In her statement (lines 53-54) Miss Nightingale intended toA. criticize the conditions in hospitals

B. highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were living

C. prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospital

D. ridicule the dangers of army life

How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical

yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the

degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it

did in the 1930â€™s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when

income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when

there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.

Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing

predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare

protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and

income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly

earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from

multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics

are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor

force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market

there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed

workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and

self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is

several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced

idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of

the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly

unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find

full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers

in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the

needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers

does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.

As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously

as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of

millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be

countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in

this debateâ€”that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are

inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market

problems.

repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for

of the following is the principal topic of the passage?

(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering

(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty

(D) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low

wages and insufficient employment opportunities

2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of

the following?　　(A) The overall causes of poverty　　(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force

Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the

author?　　(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to

reduce the level of unemployment.　　(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view

joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the

opposite view.　　(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to

which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.　　(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act

as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.4

The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving

income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by　　(A) the employed poor　　(B) dependent children in single-earner families　　(C) workers who become disabled　　(D) retired workers5

According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings

figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the　　(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers　　(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per

worker

wages and remain poor　　(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to

compile poverty statistics完形填空As children we start _____a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during the

maturation process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our

environment and future success of research in science and engineering depends

___our society recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in

n recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth

destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest

disservice we do ____to the developing those who reach maturity with their natural

curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of why are so_____of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a

successful research career?Is it ______we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let

them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved _____the

research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak

future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are ____play in the

decision to not become scientists and have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing .We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours

in the laboratory to achieve success. We have ____to promote the excitement and exhilaration of

have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common____very reasonable to

have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.翻译：由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。就是大学四年，所授课业也还是相当粗浅的学识。世人常称大学为“最高学府”，这名称易滋误解，好象过此以上即无学问可言。大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在，在这里做学问也只能算是粗涉藩篱，注重的是研究学问的方法与实习。学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短，所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还是在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确是有浓厚的趣味。写作题：Steve Jobs 名言：1 Stay hungry,stay foolish2 We live to change the world.任选一题 300字

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