2024年3月7日发(作者：铎静)
自己整理的，供参考。↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗
1Duality(二元性): each human language is organized into two basic seystems: a system of sounds
and a system of meaning. This is called the duality of language.
2. connotative meaning（内涵意义）: the additional meanings that a word or a phrase has beyond
its central meaning.
3. minimal pair（最小对立体）: When two different forms are identical in every way except for
one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are called minimal
pairs.
4. Affix（词缀）: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to
another morpheme (the root or stem).(词缀是一个构词成分的集合,它们只能附加于另一个语素词根或词干上.)
5. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）studies the interaction between language and the structure and
functioning of society.
6. lingua franca（通用语) the general term for a language that serves as a means of
communication between different groups of speakers.
7. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）studies how humans learn language and the relationship of
linguistic behavoir and the psychological processes in producing and understanding language.
8. diachronic linguistics（历时语言学）: The description of the historical development of a
language is a diachronic study.
9. immidiate constituent analysis（直接成分分析）is the technique of breaking up sentences into
word groups by making successive binary cuttings until the level of single words is reached.(when
Structural units) are considered as part of the successive unraveling of a sentence,
they are known as its immidiate constituents.)
10. Euphemism（委婉语）：a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid
reference to certain acts or powder room for toilet.
11. Taboo（禁忌语）：words that are offensive or embarrassing, considered inappropriate for
“polite society”, thus to be avoided in conversation.
12. structural linguistics（结构语言学）it is based on the assumption that grammatical categories,
should be definede not in terms of meaning, but in terms of distribution and that the structure of
each language should be focused on description.
13. Semantic triangle（语义三角）
One best known example to illustrate this view is the Semantic Triangle .
Thought or Reference( concept)
Symbol Referent
(Linguistic elements) ( object in the world)
14. Morphology（形态学）refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by
which words are formed.
15. Presupposition（预设）refers to the conditions that must be met in order for the intended
meaning of a sentence to be regarded as acceptable.
16. Overgeneralization（过分概括） the process of extending the application of a rule to items
that are excluded from it in the language norm.
17. Fossilization（僵化现象）It is a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect
linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.
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18. Register（语域） It is a technical term used to describe a language variety that is associated
with a particular topic, the interpersonal relationship between the speaker and the hearer, and the
speech channel.(It refers to the functional variety of language that is defined according to its use in
context.)
19. utterance meaning （话语意义）----refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the
course of communication. It becomes an utterance and it should be considered in the situation in
which it is actually uttered or used.话语意义是指在句子意义的基础上，是句子意义在特定语境中的具体化，它体现了说话人的意图和目的，它是动态的。
20. co-operative principle（合作原则) the participants in a conversation normally communicate
in a maximally efficient, rational and cooperative way. They should speak sincerely, relevantly and
clearly, while proving sufficient information. This general principle is called the Cooperative
Principle, abbreviated as CP.
21. illocutionary act (言外行为) is the act performed in saying something.
22. inflectional morpheme（曲折词素）refer to the morphemes which never change their
syntactic category but represent the concept of tense and aspect. In English ,there are eight
inflectional morphemes: “-s (动词第三人称单数）”, “-ed（动词过去式）”, ‘-ing（现在分词）”, “the past participle (-en)” “-s”(名词复数) “-s’（名词所有格）” ,”-er（形容词比较级）”, “-est（形容词最高级）”.
23. bound morpheme（黏着词素）: a bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one
other morpheme, such as “-s” in “dogs”,”-al” in “national”, “-dis” in “disclose”.
24. broad transcription（宽式标音）: transcription with letter-symbols only（omits many of the
irrelevant and predictable details of pronunciation ）.
25. Linguistic determinism（语言决定论） refers to the ideas that the language we use
determines the way we view and think about the world around us.
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2024年3月7日发(作者：铎静)
自己整理的，供参考。↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗↖(^ω^)↗
1Duality(二元性): each human language is organized into two basic seystems: a system of sounds
and a system of meaning. This is called the duality of language.
2. connotative meaning（内涵意义）: the additional meanings that a word or a phrase has beyond
its central meaning.
3. minimal pair（最小对立体）: When two different forms are identical in every way except for
one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are called minimal
pairs.
4. Affix（词缀）: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to
another morpheme (the root or stem).(词缀是一个构词成分的集合,它们只能附加于另一个语素词根或词干上.)
5. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）studies the interaction between language and the structure and
functioning of society.
6. lingua franca（通用语) the general term for a language that serves as a means of
communication between different groups of speakers.
7. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）studies how humans learn language and the relationship of
linguistic behavoir and the psychological processes in producing and understanding language.
8. diachronic linguistics（历时语言学）: The description of the historical development of a
language is a diachronic study.
9. immidiate constituent analysis（直接成分分析）is the technique of breaking up sentences into
word groups by making successive binary cuttings until the level of single words is reached.(when
Structural units) are considered as part of the successive unraveling of a sentence,
they are known as its immidiate constituents.)
10. Euphemism（委婉语）：a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid
reference to certain acts or powder room for toilet.
11. Taboo（禁忌语）：words that are offensive or embarrassing, considered inappropriate for
“polite society”, thus to be avoided in conversation.
12. structural linguistics（结构语言学）it is based on the assumption that grammatical categories,
should be definede not in terms of meaning, but in terms of distribution and that the structure of
each language should be focused on description.
13. Semantic triangle（语义三角）
One best known example to illustrate this view is the Semantic Triangle .
Thought or Reference( concept)
Symbol Referent
(Linguistic elements) ( object in the world)
14. Morphology（形态学）refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by
which words are formed.
15. Presupposition（预设）refers to the conditions that must be met in order for the intended
meaning of a sentence to be regarded as acceptable.
16. Overgeneralization（过分概括） the process of extending the application of a rule to items
that are excluded from it in the language norm.
17. Fossilization（僵化现象）It is a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect
linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.
1
18. Register（语域） It is a technical term used to describe a language variety that is associated
with a particular topic, the interpersonal relationship between the speaker and the hearer, and the
speech channel.(It refers to the functional variety of language that is defined according to its use in
context.)
19. utterance meaning （话语意义）----refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the
course of communication. It becomes an utterance and it should be considered in the situation in
which it is actually uttered or used.话语意义是指在句子意义的基础上，是句子意义在特定语境中的具体化，它体现了说话人的意图和目的，它是动态的。
20. co-operative principle（合作原则) the participants in a conversation normally communicate
in a maximally efficient, rational and cooperative way. They should speak sincerely, relevantly and
clearly, while proving sufficient information. This general principle is called the Cooperative
Principle, abbreviated as CP.
21. illocutionary act (言外行为) is the act performed in saying something.
22. inflectional morpheme（曲折词素）refer to the morphemes which never change their
syntactic category but represent the concept of tense and aspect. In English ,there are eight
inflectional morphemes: “-s (动词第三人称单数）”, “-ed（动词过去式）”, ‘-ing（现在分词）”, “the past participle (-en)” “-s”(名词复数) “-s’（名词所有格）” ,”-er（形容词比较级）”, “-est（形容词最高级）”.
23. bound morpheme（黏着词素）: a bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one
other morpheme, such as “-s” in “dogs”,”-al” in “national”, “-dis” in “disclose”.
24. broad transcription（宽式标音）: transcription with letter-symbols only（omits many of the
irrelevant and predictable details of pronunciation ）.
25. Linguistic determinism（语言决定论） refers to the ideas that the language we use
determines the way we view and think about the world around us.
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