2024年4月21日发(作者:慈元冬)
物理化学学报(Wuli Huaxue Xuebao)
July
Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin.,2010,26(7):1903-1908
[Article】 WWW.whxb.pku.edu.cn
.
C3H7I和主.C3H7I在266 nm的光解:烷基自由基分支化对
C—I解离动力学的影响
张锋
武汉
王艳梅2,3 张冰 ,3 1冯文林
( 重庆理工大学光电信息学院,重庆400051;。中国科学院武汉物理与数学研究所,波谱与原子分子物理国家重点实验室
430071;。中国科学院研究生院,北京100049)
摘要: 结合共振增强多光子电离(REMPI)方案,利用离子影像技术研究了,2一C3I-I7I和i-C3I-I 1分子的光解动力
学.分析和比较了它们光解过程中所涉及的能量分配和解离态间的非绝热跃迁信息.它们的I( )产物通道的
内能所占百分比要大于I (2p )产物通道的.随着烷烃自由基变得更加的分支化,一方面,原子碎片(I和I )的能
量分布明显变宽,暗示了ot一碳原子上的烷基具有更复杂的振转模式;另一方面,在266 nm光子的泵浦下,尽管
两分子。Q0一x跃迁的谐振强度表现出很小的差别,但是,产生I 碎片的几率明显降低,从n—C3I-I7I的0.72降到
i-CzI-ITI的0.46.这可以归凶于在光解i-CzJ-I I过程中弯曲振动模式对产生I和I 的贡献要比 —C3I-I7I光解过程中
弯曲振动模式对I和I 的贡献更明显,使得。Q0与 Q 态之间的非绝热跃迁得到增强.此外,n—c3H I和i-C3H7I的
。Q0一x跃迁并不完全是平行跃迁,对应的跃迁偶极矩与键轴间的夹角分别约为15。和l8。.
关键词: 光解动力学;n—C3I"I7I;i-CaHTI;离子影像
中图分类号:0644;0643
Photolysis of,1E-C ̄IrI and i-C3H7I at 266 am-Effect of Alkyl Radical
Branching on the Dissociation Dynamics of the C—I Bond
ZHANG Feng WANG Yan—Mei 。 ZHANG Bing ’3’ FENG Wen—Lin
f School ofOptoelectronic Information,Chongqing University ofTechnology,Chongqing 400051.P R.China;
2State Key Laboratory ofMagnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular P sics,Wuhan Institute of P sics and Mathematics
Chinese Academy ofSciences,Wuhan 430071,P.R.China;。Graduate Universiyt ofChinese Academy ofSciences,
Beijing 100049,P.R.China)
Abstract:Photodissociation dynamics of n-C3H7I and i-C ̄I7I at 266 nm were investigated using an ion imaging
technique combined with resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization(REMPI).Information on energy disposal and a
nonadiabatic transition between the dissociative electronic states involved in the photodissociation of both molecules
were analyzed and compared.The fi'action of internal enery ign the I channel is greater than that in the I channel for
both molecules.As the alkyl group becomes more branched the energy distribution of the atom fragments(I and I )
becomes obviously wider suggesting that he talkyl radical at the —carbon atom has more complicated models of he tro—
vibration models.On the other hand,the relative oscillator strengths of these molecules that were pumped using 266
am photons show a small difference in the。Q0.--x transition.The probability of yielding an I fragment decreases
markedly from 0.72 for,l—C3H7I to 0.46 for i-C3I-I71.This is attributed to the greater contribution of he benditng modes
for I nd aI during he tphotodissociation of i-C3H7I than that of n—C3H7I leading to an enhancement of het nonadiabatic
rtnsiaiton between the。a0 and Ql states.Additionally,the。Q0+-X transition is not a completely parallel transition for
Received:March 2,2010;Revised:April 5,2010;Published on Web:May 4,2010.
‘Corresponding author.Email:bzhang@wipm.ac.cn;Tel:+86—27—87198576.
The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20973194),Project of Science&Technology from
Chongqing Municipal Education Commission,China(KJ090626)and Research Foundation of Chongqing University of Technology,China
f20o8ZD18).
国家自然科学基金(20973194),重庆市教委科技基金(KJ090626)和重庆理工大学科研启动基金(2008ZD18)资助项目
(0 Editoril aofice fof Acta Physico—Chimica Sinica
Acta Phys.一Chim.Sin.,2010 VO1.26
both molecules and the angle between the transition dipole moment and the bond axis is estimated to be about 15。for
,z—C31-ITI nd 18。faor i-CzHTI.respectively.
Key Words:Photodissociation dynamics; —C3I-IJ;i-CaH7I;Ion imaging
Alkyl halides are particularly attractive in the study of pho-
todissociation reactions since they provide the opportunity to an—
tion extracted from the energy and angular distributions of pho—
toproducts I and I of hese ttwo molecules,we gave quanti—
derstand he eftfect of size and symmetry of the alkyl radicals on
the dynamics of bond fission.Photodissociation dynamics of
attively the cross sections and the crossing probability between
different dissociative states.Finally,these resuls are compatred
simple alkyl halides in the A—band arising from o- +-,2 transition
of a lone pair electron of halogen atoms has attracted consider—
able attention in the past several decadest -7].Generally.the exci—
tation to the A—band of a molecule causes the fission of C—X rX
is halogen atom)bond to produce an alkyl radical with hte re—
sponding halogen atom XCP or X (2尸l .Three states, a1,。ao
and al in Mulliken s notation,in the configuration are dipole
allowed rfom the ground state of alkyl halides and are repulsive
in nature.TI1e Q0 state correlates with the X fragment while the
other two states lead to the X formation.The final yields ofX
and X from the A-band photodissociation of the molecule are
mediated by hte nonadiabatic transition between hte ao and a1
states.
As the simplest all(yl halide,photodissociatjon of methyl
halides in hte A—band has been a paradimg for experimental[。一 。】
and theoretical researches【“一 5 on photodissociation processes
htat occur along a repulsive potential surface of the excited state,
by which hte molecule directly dissociates into CH3 and halogen
atom[
.
For instance.dissociation dynamics ofmethyl iodide jn
C geometry can be relatively well confmed within the//2 Uln-
brella and 3 symmetric stretch modes,under the simplified as-
sumption of collinear pseudotriatomic dissociation due to
prompt dissociation【l3J.In fact.the computation of the three di—
mensional photodissociation dynamics of the selected rotational
state shows that the overall rotation has significant effects on the
methyl rotational and vibrational distributions as well as the I
yieldt .An ab fnitio study indicates that vibrationa1 state control
ofthe I*/I branching ratio in hte alkyl(hydrogen、iodide photodi—
ssociation has an electronic rather htan a dynamic nature[ .The
study of a series of alkyl iodidest 一 1 using resonance Raman
spectra shows that bend—stretch combination band progressions
exist in addition to C--I stretch normal modes.The intensity of
bend—stretch combination band progressions increases wiht the
alkyl radicals being heavier and more branched relative to the
C--I stretch normal modes.Tllis suggests that hte photodissoci—
ation along reaction coordinate has signiifcant multidimensional
character coded wiht more complicated vibration and rotation
modes.
The photodissociation of n—C3I-t7I and i-C3H7I offers a good
choice to check hte effects ofthe geometry ofan alkyl radical on
photodissociation since these two molecules are isomers with
hte different radical branching at —carbon atom.Taking advan—
tage of ion imaging technique in this work,we investigated the
photolysis ofn-C3I-I7I and i-C3H,I at 266 nlT1.With the informa—
to gain insight into the effect ofradical branching on C—I disso-
elation dynamics.
1 Experimental
The experiments were performed on a home—built velociyt
ion imaging apparatus that was described in detail elsewhere【18_.
Briefly,the apparatus consists of three parts:a source chamber,
a main chamber,and a detector.Both of the chambers were
pumped to obtain a pressure of about 5.OxlO- ̄Pa.A moleculra
beam was produced through a pulsed valve synchronized wiht
hte laser pulses at 10 Hz and intersected with linearly polarized
tunable ulrtaviolet(UV)laser pulses in main chamber through a
conical skimmer.The generated ions were extracted and accel-
erated by hte electrosattic immersion lens and projected onto a
wto—dimensional(2D)detector consisting of wto imcrochannel
plates coupled wiht a P47 phosphor screen and a charge—coupled
device camera.
hTe UV laser pulses were frequency doubled output of a dye
laser system pumped by hte harmonic of a Nd:YAG(YG980,
Quantel,France)operatnig at 1 0 Hz and were used to dissociate
molecules.Within the same pulse,the atomic tiagments were
satte—selectively ionized by a(2+1)REMPI process via 7p( +-
( P transition for I(2尸 and np(7 )一5p ( l transiiton ofr
I ’1 .Each ion image was constructed by accumulating sig-
nals from 10000 shots of the pulse and scanning the laser wave-
length over the entire Doppler profile of hte detected species.In
order to miniimze the influence of clusters,photolysis was per-
formed on the rising edge of hte molecular beam pulse.During
hte experiments,all the time delays were controlled by a pulse
delay generator(Stanford DG535 Pulse Generator,SRS Inc.,
USA).
The liquid samples of n-C3HTI and i-C3I{71 with the puriyt of
99.9%were seeded in Helium gas at 1.0xl0 Pa wihtout farther
purification and then were introduced into the source chamber
through hte pulsed valve.
2 Results
Fig.1 shows hte images ofI( and I ( l atoms rfom the
photodissociation of n—C 71 at 266 nln with the laser beam po-
lafized along the vertical direction.Background counts in协e
raw images have been removed by subtracting hte reference im-
age acquired at off-resonance wavelength of iodide atoms under
hte same conditions.The distribution of fragments in space is
cylindrically symmetric about the polarization axis of photolysis
N0.7 ZHANG Feng et a1.:Photolysis of —CzHTI and i-C ̄I7I at 266 am
Fig.1 Raw images of I(a)and I (b)and the corresp0nding
Fig.2 Raw images of I(a)and I (b)and the corresl
reconstructed ones of I(c)and I’(d)fragments fr0
photodissocia廿0n 0f i-C3H7I at 266 nlTl
The arrow denotes the polarization vectors of the photolysis 1a
reconstructed ones of I(c)and I (d)fragments from the
phot0diss0ciation of n-C 7I at 266 nm
The alTOW denotes the polarization vectors ofthe photolysis laser
laser and can be reconstructed from the raw images by the basis—
by the following formulas:
set expansion method rBASEX) .The reconstructed images are
also showed in Fig.1.Similarly,Raw images and the corre—
sponding reconstructed images of I and I from the photodisso—
ciation of/一C3H7I at 266 nm are displayed in Fig.2.
From the reconstructed ion images,the speed distributions,
P(ET)=
or ・
where dv and dET are the diiferentia1 elements for the~
and the total translational energy ET,respecitively,mx al
P( ),can be derived by integrating over all angles at each speed.
Thus,the total translational energy( distribution of each pho—
C3H7,I and I )are the mass and velocity of the photo]
todissociation channel in molecular coordinate P(ET).as shown in
Fig.3,can be easily obtained from P(v)ofan individual rfagment
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
O.2
O.0
1 0
respectively.The average translational energy(Er)and
responding full width at half maximum(FWHM)of I ant
‘ =(b)
:
I',n-C 3H7I
…
…
●■■■r…———一
’
I
0 8
O 6
O.4
弋
O.2
0.0
r『『】
:.. : . ::::.
El/(kJtool )
Fig.3 Total translational energy distributions(P(上 ))of the I and I channels of he,tl—CJt7I(a,b)and
i-CJ-I7I(c,d)at 266nm
The circles represent the experimental results and the solid lines are the best—fitting of the experimental data
Acta P _ys.一Chim.Sin.,2010 Vo1.26
nnels of these two molecules are abstracted from the Gaussian
Table 2 Anisotropy anisotropy parameter,relative oscillator
strengths,and fraction of a wavepacket along he tpossible
iftting functions and are listed in Table1.According to energy
conversation.the maximum avai1able energy for the dissociation
process is calculated by the following equation:
dissociation potential energy surface at 266 nln for tl-CJ-IJ
andi-CffLI,C2II5I,andCH3I
+ —D0一 (3)
where Em is the initial internal energy of the parent molecules,
is the pump photon energy,D0 is the C—I bond dissociation
energy ofparent molecules at the ground states,228 kJ・mol for
,2一C3HTI and 22 1 kJ・mol。。for i-C 7I[21, is he eltectronic ener-
is very gy ofiodine atom,zero for I and 91 kJ・mol for I .
small for the supersonic molecular beam and assumed to be ze.
ro.The fraction of hte translational eneryg.defined as f<(ET)/
ofr I or I dissociation channel,is also determined.These en—
ergy values are listed in Table1.
Angular distributions of the fragments I and I , ),are ex—
tracted by integrating the reconstructed three—dimensional spatial
distribution over a proper range of speed at each angle.General—
ly,it may be characterized by anisotropy parameter as ex—
pressed by Eq.(4):
I(O)。C(1+flP2(cosO)) (4)
where P ̄(cosO)is hte second order Legendre polynomial,and 0 is
hte angle between the recoil velocity vector offragments and the
pump polarization axis.The measured values here are aver-
aged over the range of the FWHM of the translational velocity
distributions and are listed in Table 2.For a particular excited
state in which a molecule dissociates quickly along a bond axis,
the anisotropy parameterfl can also be given by Eq.(5):
8=2P2(cos (5)
where P2(cosx)is the second order Legendre polnyomial and X is
the angle between the transition dipole moment of an excited
satte andbond axis.Itcanbe seenthatlfvariesfrom十2 rhtelim-
it ofa parallel rtansition(X=0。))to一1 for that ofa perpendicular
rtansition(X=90。).The envelopes of the ulrtaviolet absorption
spectrum of both n-C3H7I and i-C3H7I[ ]are similar to that of
CH3I and show a Gaussian—type broadband centered at ca 255
nm and ca 260 nm,respectively.These absorption broadbands
can be resolved into the ab Oo and Q1 states analogous to that
of CH3I in energy ascending order.Among these states, ao rtan—
sition dominates the absorption bandt ,14-151.In our experiment.
the optical absorption at 266 nlTl,being in the red wing of the
absorption spectra,should be accompanied with the transitions
to the lower lying。al and ao states.The a0 state correlates not
only to the I fragments but also to the I fragments through a
nonadiabatic process due to curve crossing between hte Q0 and
Table 1 Values of the energy parameters for I and I
channels from the photodissociation of the,l-C ̄ITI and
i-CffIrIat266nm
a1 states.The a1 state directly correlates to I fragments.Thus,
anisotropy distributions of I fragments along the polarization of
pump laser reflect hte angle X bewteen the a0 rtansiiton dipole
moment and C.一I bond axis ofn—C3H7I or i-C3HTI,which is eval—
uated to be 15。for n—C3H7I and l8。for i-C3H7I from their indi-
vidual lf(I )values according to the Eq.(5).
3 Discussion
The images of I and I of both n—C3H7I and i-C3H7I show sim—
ple structures(Fig.1 and Fig.2)with shapr anisotropy distributions
along the polarization of pump laser,suggesting that the C--I
bond dissociation promptly happens within a rotation period.
The distributions can be wel1 fited by a single-peaked Gaussian
curve as shown in Fig.3.We obviously can see that the energy
distributions of I fragments of both molecules are much wider
than those of I fragments.which reflects that the radicals ac.
companied with I fragments should be in hotter intema1 states
than those produced by dissociation channe1 n—or f—C H I .
This is a common character of the photodissociation dyaumics
of all simple aU ̄yl halides because of the greater available ener—
yg ofr the radical+X(2P ̄)reaction ' 8,221.in which more rotation
and vibration modes of hte radicals are excited.This is also con.
ifrmed by the fact htat the rtanslational eneryg rfaction㈣ofI
rfagments is larger than htat ofI fragments for both molecules as
listed in Table 1.
The resonance Raman spectra of a series of alkyl iodidest 一
at 266 ntYl have shown that as the alkyl radical becomes heavier
nad more branched.the Raman spectra show increased intensity
in bend—stretch combination band progressions relative to the
C--I stretch overtone progression.Namely,the dissociation co-
ordinate is not only along the C—I intema1 coordinate but also
along the bending intemal coordinates wiht increase of hte mass
nad branches of the all(yl radica1.Comparing n-C3H71 with f—
C3H7I,from Fig.3 and Table 1 we can also see that the energy
distributions of hte same iodine atom become wider and hte cor—
responding translational energy fractions become smaller wiht
hte radical on —carbon atom being more branched.In the im.
pulsive framework,the width of the energy distribution is a re・
flection of the initial spread of momenta of the C--I caused by
local exciattion to the C—I bond.Those atoms attached to hte .
NO.7 ZHANG Feng et a1.:Photolysis of —C ̄-ITI and i-C ̄l-ITI at 266 am l907
carbon have a significant eff ct on the initial spread of momenta
of the CmI bond.That means that more branched and heavier
are the radicals attached to the ot—carbon,more easily happen
sition,the probabiliy tto yield I fragment via curve crossing be-
ween tthe ao and a1 state shows a large diference as the radi—
cals being more branched:0.54 for i-C3H7I and 0.26—0.29 for
bend vibration of the C—C—C chains for the n—C3H7I and i—
C3H7I.
other 12-al1(yl iodides.This fact reflects that the introduction of
the methyl to 13/--carbon atom enhances the coupling strengths be・-
Asdescribedabove,the anisotropydistributionparameters/3(I )
of the I products from these two isomers directly reflect the
ween Q0t and a1 states,which makes het probabiliyt of yield—
ing I fragments increase after a wavepacket is pumped to Q0
state by 266 nm photon.Photo出ssociation of these alkyl iodides
at 248 nm have been investigated using translational photofrag—
ment spectroscopy by Godwin and his co—workerst -21.The fi'ac.
alinmentg of the transition dipole of the Q0 state along the C—I
bond axis.However.the I product originates from two channels:
direct exciattion of the a1 satte and the a1.__ ao nonadiabatic
transition.The direct contribution in the I channel is considered
to be the reflection of the alingment of the transition dipole of
the al state to the C--I bond axis,while the nonadiabatic con—
tribution remains the same anisotropy as the fragments that印-
pear in the I channe1.Therefore.the/3(I)value may be resolved
to the relative contirbutions ofthe a1 and a0 states by Eq.(6)
㈣
where P3 or P3Q,represents a relative oscillator strength for the
rtansition to the Oo and al states,respectively,and P3Qo+P3Q=1.
I)and ao,I )(in Eq.(7”are the rfactions ofthe wavepack—
ets going into the I and I channels after pumped to the Q0 satte.
respectively,and,( a0,I) ,_( Q0,I ) 1.卢 乌and卢 Q represent the
effective anisotropy parameter limit for hte aligmnent of Q0 and
O1 transitions,respectively./33%=/3(I )=1.80 and Q 一l/(
一
0.90 for —C3H7I and lf,q.=} (I )=1.71 and/33Q,=一l/(2 Q0) 一0.86
for i-C3H7I.In addition,the P andfare connected by Eq.(7)
。O。,
一
r71
P3 。ao,I)+ Q】
where 0(I )/ (I)is the ratio ofrelative quantum yields ofthe I
and I from the dissociation of a molecule,and have been exact—
ly determined to be 0.7/0.3 and 0.44/0.56 for n—C3H7I and i—
C3H7I[241,respectively.All the values calculated here are listed in
Table 2.Obviously,the relative oscillator strengths of the transi-
tion to a0 states are absolutely dominated,0.97 ofr n—C3H7I and
O.95 for i-C3H7I.Using magnetic circular dichroism technology,
Gedanken et a1. 删also revealed that the Q0一x transition car—
ries over 80%oscillator strengths in the A—band spectra of these
alkyl iodides[ 63.The difference of these two molecules is small
in oscillator strengths of the transition from the ground state to
ao state.However,the wavepackets on the ao state prepared by
a 266 nln photon proceed nonadiabatically to give the I frag—
ment with a probability,( a0,I )of 0.72 ofr,z—C3H7I and 0.46
ofr i-C3H7I,the remaining wavepackets product the I fragment
with the probabiliyt of 0.28 for n—C3H7I and 0.54 for i-C3H7I,re-
spectively.
The effects of radical size and branching on upper state sym—
metry and curve crossing probabilities are obvious by comparing
our data with those for CH I1 and C,H If241 as listed in Table 2.
hTough the relative oscillator strengths ofthese molecules pumped
by 266 nm photon display a small diference for the a0一X rtan—
tion of the I quantum yield from i-C3H7I is obviously larger than
that rfom other n-all(y1 iodides.The results reported by Phillips
et a1.[16-17]have shown that the unique structure of the radical
rfom i-C3H7I exhibits the stronger bend—stretch combination
band relative to n-C3H7I.Moreover,as the alkyl radical becomes
heavier and more branched the bend—stretch combination band
progres・sion ofthe molecules becomes more obvious relative to
the C—I stretch overtone progression.The formation of this en—
hanced bend—stretch combination band can cause the increase of
the coupling strength between a0 and al states and should be
responsible for the enhancement in the crossing probabiliyt that
a wavepacket rfom a0 goes into the I channe1 .
4 Conclusions
The photodissociation dynamics of n—C3H7I and i-C3H7I at 266
nm was investigated using ion imaging detection.For both
molecules,the dissociation products are iodide atom(I or I )
and the responding alky1 radical with a single energy distribu—
tion.The energy disposed into intemal motions of the molecules
ofr I channel is greater than that for I channel because ofthe
rgeater available energy,with which complex vibration and rota-
tion modes can be excited more easily.As the alkyl group be—
comes more branched,the mixing of the rovibrational motions
about the o/一carbon atom with the C—I stretching in the pho—
todissociation ofalkyl iodides becomes more signiifcant.Though
the relative oscillator strengths of these molecules pumped by
266 am photon display a small diference ofr the a0+_x rtansi—
tion.the probabiliyt to yield I fragment via curve crossing be-
tween the Oo and Q1 shows a large diference:O.54 for i-C3H7I
and 0.26—0.29 for other n-alkyl iodides.It is proposed that the
contribution of bending motion of the molecule becomes more
singiifcant and the coupling strength between O0 and。O1 states
gets stronger greatly during the C--I dissociation.In addition,
hte a0一x transition is not completely parallel transition for
both molecules and the angle between the transition dipole mo—
ment and bond axis is estimated tO be abOut 1 5。fo-r九一C3H7I and
1 8。for —C3H7I,respectiVe1y.
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2024年4月21日发(作者:慈元冬)
物理化学学报(Wuli Huaxue Xuebao)
July
Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin.,2010,26(7):1903-1908
[Article】 WWW.whxb.pku.edu.cn
.
C3H7I和主.C3H7I在266 nm的光解:烷基自由基分支化对
C—I解离动力学的影响
张锋
武汉
王艳梅2,3 张冰 ,3 1冯文林
( 重庆理工大学光电信息学院,重庆400051;。中国科学院武汉物理与数学研究所,波谱与原子分子物理国家重点实验室
430071;。中国科学院研究生院,北京100049)
摘要: 结合共振增强多光子电离(REMPI)方案,利用离子影像技术研究了,2一C3I-I7I和i-C3I-I 1分子的光解动力
学.分析和比较了它们光解过程中所涉及的能量分配和解离态间的非绝热跃迁信息.它们的I( )产物通道的
内能所占百分比要大于I (2p )产物通道的.随着烷烃自由基变得更加的分支化,一方面,原子碎片(I和I )的能
量分布明显变宽,暗示了ot一碳原子上的烷基具有更复杂的振转模式;另一方面,在266 nm光子的泵浦下,尽管
两分子。Q0一x跃迁的谐振强度表现出很小的差别,但是,产生I 碎片的几率明显降低,从n—C3I-I7I的0.72降到
i-CzI-ITI的0.46.这可以归凶于在光解i-CzJ-I I过程中弯曲振动模式对产生I和I 的贡献要比 —C3I-I7I光解过程中
弯曲振动模式对I和I 的贡献更明显,使得。Q0与 Q 态之间的非绝热跃迁得到增强.此外,n—c3H I和i-C3H7I的
。Q0一x跃迁并不完全是平行跃迁,对应的跃迁偶极矩与键轴间的夹角分别约为15。和l8。.
关键词: 光解动力学;n—C3I"I7I;i-CaHTI;离子影像
中图分类号:0644;0643
Photolysis of,1E-C ̄IrI and i-C3H7I at 266 am-Effect of Alkyl Radical
Branching on the Dissociation Dynamics of the C—I Bond
ZHANG Feng WANG Yan—Mei 。 ZHANG Bing ’3’ FENG Wen—Lin
f School ofOptoelectronic Information,Chongqing University ofTechnology,Chongqing 400051.P R.China;
2State Key Laboratory ofMagnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular P sics,Wuhan Institute of P sics and Mathematics
Chinese Academy ofSciences,Wuhan 430071,P.R.China;。Graduate Universiyt ofChinese Academy ofSciences,
Beijing 100049,P.R.China)
Abstract:Photodissociation dynamics of n-C3H7I and i-C ̄I7I at 266 nm were investigated using an ion imaging
technique combined with resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization(REMPI).Information on energy disposal and a
nonadiabatic transition between the dissociative electronic states involved in the photodissociation of both molecules
were analyzed and compared.The fi'action of internal enery ign the I channel is greater than that in the I channel for
both molecules.As the alkyl group becomes more branched the energy distribution of the atom fragments(I and I )
becomes obviously wider suggesting that he talkyl radical at the —carbon atom has more complicated models of he tro—
vibration models.On the other hand,the relative oscillator strengths of these molecules that were pumped using 266
am photons show a small difference in the。Q0.--x transition.The probability of yielding an I fragment decreases
markedly from 0.72 for,l—C3H7I to 0.46 for i-C3I-I71.This is attributed to the greater contribution of he benditng modes
for I nd aI during he tphotodissociation of i-C3H7I than that of n—C3H7I leading to an enhancement of het nonadiabatic
rtnsiaiton between the。a0 and Ql states.Additionally,the。Q0+-X transition is not a completely parallel transition for
Received:March 2,2010;Revised:April 5,2010;Published on Web:May 4,2010.
‘Corresponding author.Email:bzhang@wipm.ac.cn;Tel:+86—27—87198576.
The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20973194),Project of Science&Technology from
Chongqing Municipal Education Commission,China(KJ090626)and Research Foundation of Chongqing University of Technology,China
f20o8ZD18).
国家自然科学基金(20973194),重庆市教委科技基金(KJ090626)和重庆理工大学科研启动基金(2008ZD18)资助项目
(0 Editoril aofice fof Acta Physico—Chimica Sinica
Acta Phys.一Chim.Sin.,2010 VO1.26
both molecules and the angle between the transition dipole moment and the bond axis is estimated to be about 15。for
,z—C31-ITI nd 18。faor i-CzHTI.respectively.
Key Words:Photodissociation dynamics; —C3I-IJ;i-CaH7I;Ion imaging
Alkyl halides are particularly attractive in the study of pho-
todissociation reactions since they provide the opportunity to an—
tion extracted from the energy and angular distributions of pho—
toproducts I and I of hese ttwo molecules,we gave quanti—
derstand he eftfect of size and symmetry of the alkyl radicals on
the dynamics of bond fission.Photodissociation dynamics of
attively the cross sections and the crossing probability between
different dissociative states.Finally,these resuls are compatred
simple alkyl halides in the A—band arising from o- +-,2 transition
of a lone pair electron of halogen atoms has attracted consider—
able attention in the past several decadest -7].Generally.the exci—
tation to the A—band of a molecule causes the fission of C—X rX
is halogen atom)bond to produce an alkyl radical with hte re—
sponding halogen atom XCP or X (2尸l .Three states, a1,。ao
and al in Mulliken s notation,in the configuration are dipole
allowed rfom the ground state of alkyl halides and are repulsive
in nature.TI1e Q0 state correlates with the X fragment while the
other two states lead to the X formation.The final yields ofX
and X from the A-band photodissociation of the molecule are
mediated by hte nonadiabatic transition between hte ao and a1
states.
As the simplest all(yl halide,photodissociatjon of methyl
halides in hte A—band has been a paradimg for experimental[。一 。】
and theoretical researches【“一 5 on photodissociation processes
htat occur along a repulsive potential surface of the excited state,
by which hte molecule directly dissociates into CH3 and halogen
atom[
.
For instance.dissociation dynamics ofmethyl iodide jn
C geometry can be relatively well confmed within the//2 Uln-
brella and 3 symmetric stretch modes,under the simplified as-
sumption of collinear pseudotriatomic dissociation due to
prompt dissociation【l3J.In fact.the computation of the three di—
mensional photodissociation dynamics of the selected rotational
state shows that the overall rotation has significant effects on the
methyl rotational and vibrational distributions as well as the I
yieldt .An ab fnitio study indicates that vibrationa1 state control
ofthe I*/I branching ratio in hte alkyl(hydrogen、iodide photodi—
ssociation has an electronic rather htan a dynamic nature[ .The
study of a series of alkyl iodidest 一 1 using resonance Raman
spectra shows that bend—stretch combination band progressions
exist in addition to C--I stretch normal modes.The intensity of
bend—stretch combination band progressions increases wiht the
alkyl radicals being heavier and more branched relative to the
C--I stretch normal modes.Tllis suggests that hte photodissoci—
ation along reaction coordinate has signiifcant multidimensional
character coded wiht more complicated vibration and rotation
modes.
The photodissociation of n—C3I-t7I and i-C3H7I offers a good
choice to check hte effects ofthe geometry ofan alkyl radical on
photodissociation since these two molecules are isomers with
hte different radical branching at —carbon atom.Taking advan—
tage of ion imaging technique in this work,we investigated the
photolysis ofn-C3I-I7I and i-C3H,I at 266 nlT1.With the informa—
to gain insight into the effect ofradical branching on C—I disso-
elation dynamics.
1 Experimental
The experiments were performed on a home—built velociyt
ion imaging apparatus that was described in detail elsewhere【18_.
Briefly,the apparatus consists of three parts:a source chamber,
a main chamber,and a detector.Both of the chambers were
pumped to obtain a pressure of about 5.OxlO- ̄Pa.A moleculra
beam was produced through a pulsed valve synchronized wiht
hte laser pulses at 10 Hz and intersected with linearly polarized
tunable ulrtaviolet(UV)laser pulses in main chamber through a
conical skimmer.The generated ions were extracted and accel-
erated by hte electrosattic immersion lens and projected onto a
wto—dimensional(2D)detector consisting of wto imcrochannel
plates coupled wiht a P47 phosphor screen and a charge—coupled
device camera.
hTe UV laser pulses were frequency doubled output of a dye
laser system pumped by hte harmonic of a Nd:YAG(YG980,
Quantel,France)operatnig at 1 0 Hz and were used to dissociate
molecules.Within the same pulse,the atomic tiagments were
satte—selectively ionized by a(2+1)REMPI process via 7p( +-
( P transition for I(2尸 and np(7 )一5p ( l transiiton ofr
I ’1 .Each ion image was constructed by accumulating sig-
nals from 10000 shots of the pulse and scanning the laser wave-
length over the entire Doppler profile of hte detected species.In
order to miniimze the influence of clusters,photolysis was per-
formed on the rising edge of hte molecular beam pulse.During
hte experiments,all the time delays were controlled by a pulse
delay generator(Stanford DG535 Pulse Generator,SRS Inc.,
USA).
The liquid samples of n-C3HTI and i-C3I{71 with the puriyt of
99.9%were seeded in Helium gas at 1.0xl0 Pa wihtout farther
purification and then were introduced into the source chamber
through hte pulsed valve.
2 Results
Fig.1 shows hte images ofI( and I ( l atoms rfom the
photodissociation of n—C 71 at 266 nln with the laser beam po-
lafized along the vertical direction.Background counts in协e
raw images have been removed by subtracting hte reference im-
age acquired at off-resonance wavelength of iodide atoms under
hte same conditions.The distribution of fragments in space is
cylindrically symmetric about the polarization axis of photolysis
N0.7 ZHANG Feng et a1.:Photolysis of —CzHTI and i-C ̄I7I at 266 am
Fig.1 Raw images of I(a)and I (b)and the corresp0nding
Fig.2 Raw images of I(a)and I (b)and the corresl
reconstructed ones of I(c)and I’(d)fragments fr0
photodissocia廿0n 0f i-C3H7I at 266 nlTl
The arrow denotes the polarization vectors of the photolysis 1a
reconstructed ones of I(c)and I (d)fragments from the
phot0diss0ciation of n-C 7I at 266 nm
The alTOW denotes the polarization vectors ofthe photolysis laser
laser and can be reconstructed from the raw images by the basis—
by the following formulas:
set expansion method rBASEX) .The reconstructed images are
also showed in Fig.1.Similarly,Raw images and the corre—
sponding reconstructed images of I and I from the photodisso—
ciation of/一C3H7I at 266 nm are displayed in Fig.2.
From the reconstructed ion images,the speed distributions,
P(ET)=
or ・
where dv and dET are the diiferentia1 elements for the~
and the total translational energy ET,respecitively,mx al
P( ),can be derived by integrating over all angles at each speed.
Thus,the total translational energy( distribution of each pho—
C3H7,I and I )are the mass and velocity of the photo]
todissociation channel in molecular coordinate P(ET).as shown in
Fig.3,can be easily obtained from P(v)ofan individual rfagment
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
O.2
O.0
1 0
respectively.The average translational energy(Er)and
responding full width at half maximum(FWHM)of I ant
‘ =(b)
:
I',n-C 3H7I
…
…
●■■■r…———一
’
I
0 8
O 6
O.4
弋
O.2
0.0
r『『】
:.. : . ::::.
El/(kJtool )
Fig.3 Total translational energy distributions(P(上 ))of the I and I channels of he,tl—CJt7I(a,b)and
i-CJ-I7I(c,d)at 266nm
The circles represent the experimental results and the solid lines are the best—fitting of the experimental data
Acta P _ys.一Chim.Sin.,2010 Vo1.26
nnels of these two molecules are abstracted from the Gaussian
Table 2 Anisotropy anisotropy parameter,relative oscillator
strengths,and fraction of a wavepacket along he tpossible
iftting functions and are listed in Table1.According to energy
conversation.the maximum avai1able energy for the dissociation
process is calculated by the following equation:
dissociation potential energy surface at 266 nln for tl-CJ-IJ
andi-CffLI,C2II5I,andCH3I
+ —D0一 (3)
where Em is the initial internal energy of the parent molecules,
is the pump photon energy,D0 is the C—I bond dissociation
energy ofparent molecules at the ground states,228 kJ・mol for
,2一C3HTI and 22 1 kJ・mol。。for i-C 7I[21, is he eltectronic ener-
is very gy ofiodine atom,zero for I and 91 kJ・mol for I .
small for the supersonic molecular beam and assumed to be ze.
ro.The fraction of hte translational eneryg.defined as f<(ET)/
ofr I or I dissociation channel,is also determined.These en—
ergy values are listed in Table1.
Angular distributions of the fragments I and I , ),are ex—
tracted by integrating the reconstructed three—dimensional spatial
distribution over a proper range of speed at each angle.General—
ly,it may be characterized by anisotropy parameter as ex—
pressed by Eq.(4):
I(O)。C(1+flP2(cosO)) (4)
where P ̄(cosO)is hte second order Legendre polynomial,and 0 is
hte angle between the recoil velocity vector offragments and the
pump polarization axis.The measured values here are aver-
aged over the range of the FWHM of the translational velocity
distributions and are listed in Table 2.For a particular excited
state in which a molecule dissociates quickly along a bond axis,
the anisotropy parameterfl can also be given by Eq.(5):
8=2P2(cos (5)
where P2(cosx)is the second order Legendre polnyomial and X is
the angle between the transition dipole moment of an excited
satte andbond axis.Itcanbe seenthatlfvariesfrom十2 rhtelim-
it ofa parallel rtansition(X=0。))to一1 for that ofa perpendicular
rtansition(X=90。).The envelopes of the ulrtaviolet absorption
spectrum of both n-C3H7I and i-C3H7I[ ]are similar to that of
CH3I and show a Gaussian—type broadband centered at ca 255
nm and ca 260 nm,respectively.These absorption broadbands
can be resolved into the ab Oo and Q1 states analogous to that
of CH3I in energy ascending order.Among these states, ao rtan—
sition dominates the absorption bandt ,14-151.In our experiment.
the optical absorption at 266 nlTl,being in the red wing of the
absorption spectra,should be accompanied with the transitions
to the lower lying。al and ao states.The a0 state correlates not
only to the I fragments but also to the I fragments through a
nonadiabatic process due to curve crossing between hte Q0 and
Table 1 Values of the energy parameters for I and I
channels from the photodissociation of the,l-C ̄ITI and
i-CffIrIat266nm
a1 states.The a1 state directly correlates to I fragments.Thus,
anisotropy distributions of I fragments along the polarization of
pump laser reflect hte angle X bewteen the a0 rtansiiton dipole
moment and C.一I bond axis ofn—C3H7I or i-C3HTI,which is eval—
uated to be 15。for n—C3H7I and l8。for i-C3H7I from their indi-
vidual lf(I )values according to the Eq.(5).
3 Discussion
The images of I and I of both n—C3H7I and i-C3H7I show sim—
ple structures(Fig.1 and Fig.2)with shapr anisotropy distributions
along the polarization of pump laser,suggesting that the C--I
bond dissociation promptly happens within a rotation period.
The distributions can be wel1 fited by a single-peaked Gaussian
curve as shown in Fig.3.We obviously can see that the energy
distributions of I fragments of both molecules are much wider
than those of I fragments.which reflects that the radicals ac.
companied with I fragments should be in hotter intema1 states
than those produced by dissociation channe1 n—or f—C H I .
This is a common character of the photodissociation dyaumics
of all simple aU ̄yl halides because of the greater available ener—
yg ofr the radical+X(2P ̄)reaction ' 8,221.in which more rotation
and vibration modes of hte radicals are excited.This is also con.
ifrmed by the fact htat the rtanslational eneryg rfaction㈣ofI
rfagments is larger than htat ofI fragments for both molecules as
listed in Table 1.
The resonance Raman spectra of a series of alkyl iodidest 一
at 266 ntYl have shown that as the alkyl radical becomes heavier
nad more branched.the Raman spectra show increased intensity
in bend—stretch combination band progressions relative to the
C--I stretch overtone progression.Namely,the dissociation co-
ordinate is not only along the C—I intema1 coordinate but also
along the bending intemal coordinates wiht increase of hte mass
nad branches of the all(yl radica1.Comparing n-C3H71 with f—
C3H7I,from Fig.3 and Table 1 we can also see that the energy
distributions of hte same iodine atom become wider and hte cor—
responding translational energy fractions become smaller wiht
hte radical on —carbon atom being more branched.In the im.
pulsive framework,the width of the energy distribution is a re・
flection of the initial spread of momenta of the C--I caused by
local exciattion to the C—I bond.Those atoms attached to hte .
NO.7 ZHANG Feng et a1.:Photolysis of —C ̄-ITI and i-C ̄l-ITI at 266 am l907
carbon have a significant eff ct on the initial spread of momenta
of the CmI bond.That means that more branched and heavier
are the radicals attached to the ot—carbon,more easily happen
sition,the probabiliy tto yield I fragment via curve crossing be-
ween tthe ao and a1 state shows a large diference as the radi—
cals being more branched:0.54 for i-C3H7I and 0.26—0.29 for
bend vibration of the C—C—C chains for the n—C3H7I and i—
C3H7I.
other 12-al1(yl iodides.This fact reflects that the introduction of
the methyl to 13/--carbon atom enhances the coupling strengths be・-
Asdescribedabove,the anisotropydistributionparameters/3(I )
of the I products from these two isomers directly reflect the
ween Q0t and a1 states,which makes het probabiliyt of yield—
ing I fragments increase after a wavepacket is pumped to Q0
state by 266 nm photon.Photo出ssociation of these alkyl iodides
at 248 nm have been investigated using translational photofrag—
ment spectroscopy by Godwin and his co—workerst -21.The fi'ac.
alinmentg of the transition dipole of the Q0 state along the C—I
bond axis.However.the I product originates from two channels:
direct exciattion of the a1 satte and the a1.__ ao nonadiabatic
transition.The direct contribution in the I channel is considered
to be the reflection of the alingment of the transition dipole of
the al state to the C--I bond axis,while the nonadiabatic con—
tribution remains the same anisotropy as the fragments that印-
pear in the I channe1.Therefore.the/3(I)value may be resolved
to the relative contirbutions ofthe a1 and a0 states by Eq.(6)
㈣
where P3 or P3Q,represents a relative oscillator strength for the
rtansition to the Oo and al states,respectively,and P3Qo+P3Q=1.
I)and ao,I )(in Eq.(7”are the rfactions ofthe wavepack—
ets going into the I and I channels after pumped to the Q0 satte.
respectively,and,( a0,I) ,_( Q0,I ) 1.卢 乌and卢 Q represent the
effective anisotropy parameter limit for hte aligmnent of Q0 and
O1 transitions,respectively./33%=/3(I )=1.80 and Q 一l/(
一
0.90 for —C3H7I and lf,q.=} (I )=1.71 and/33Q,=一l/(2 Q0) 一0.86
for i-C3H7I.In addition,the P andfare connected by Eq.(7)
。O。,
一
r71
P3 。ao,I)+ Q】
where 0(I )/ (I)is the ratio ofrelative quantum yields ofthe I
and I from the dissociation of a molecule,and have been exact—
ly determined to be 0.7/0.3 and 0.44/0.56 for n—C3H7I and i—
C3H7I[241,respectively.All the values calculated here are listed in
Table 2.Obviously,the relative oscillator strengths of the transi-
tion to a0 states are absolutely dominated,0.97 ofr n—C3H7I and
O.95 for i-C3H7I.Using magnetic circular dichroism technology,
Gedanken et a1. 删also revealed that the Q0一x transition car—
ries over 80%oscillator strengths in the A—band spectra of these
alkyl iodides[ 63.The difference of these two molecules is small
in oscillator strengths of the transition from the ground state to
ao state.However,the wavepackets on the ao state prepared by
a 266 nln photon proceed nonadiabatically to give the I frag—
ment with a probability,( a0,I )of 0.72 ofr,z—C3H7I and 0.46
ofr i-C3H7I,the remaining wavepackets product the I fragment
with the probabiliyt of 0.28 for n—C3H7I and 0.54 for i-C3H7I,re-
spectively.
The effects of radical size and branching on upper state sym—
metry and curve crossing probabilities are obvious by comparing
our data with those for CH I1 and C,H If241 as listed in Table 2.
hTough the relative oscillator strengths ofthese molecules pumped
by 266 nm photon display a small diference for the a0一X rtan—
tion of the I quantum yield from i-C3H7I is obviously larger than
that rfom other n-all(y1 iodides.The results reported by Phillips
et a1.[16-17]have shown that the unique structure of the radical
rfom i-C3H7I exhibits the stronger bend—stretch combination
band relative to n-C3H7I.Moreover,as the alkyl radical becomes
heavier and more branched the bend—stretch combination band
progres・sion ofthe molecules becomes more obvious relative to
the C—I stretch overtone progression.The formation of this en—
hanced bend—stretch combination band can cause the increase of
the coupling strength between a0 and al states and should be
responsible for the enhancement in the crossing probabiliyt that
a wavepacket rfom a0 goes into the I channe1 .
4 Conclusions
The photodissociation dynamics of n—C3H7I and i-C3H7I at 266
nm was investigated using ion imaging detection.For both
molecules,the dissociation products are iodide atom(I or I )
and the responding alky1 radical with a single energy distribu—
tion.The energy disposed into intemal motions of the molecules
ofr I channel is greater than that for I channel because ofthe
rgeater available energy,with which complex vibration and rota-
tion modes can be excited more easily.As the alkyl group be—
comes more branched,the mixing of the rovibrational motions
about the o/一carbon atom with the C—I stretching in the pho—
todissociation ofalkyl iodides becomes more signiifcant.Though
the relative oscillator strengths of these molecules pumped by
266 am photon display a small diference ofr the a0+_x rtansi—
tion.the probabiliyt to yield I fragment via curve crossing be-
tween the Oo and Q1 shows a large diference:O.54 for i-C3H7I
and 0.26—0.29 for other n-alkyl iodides.It is proposed that the
contribution of bending motion of the molecule becomes more
singiifcant and the coupling strength between O0 and。O1 states
gets stronger greatly during the C--I dissociation.In addition,
hte a0一x transition is not completely parallel transition for
both molecules and the angle between the transition dipole mo—
ment and bond axis is estimated tO be abOut 1 5。fo-r九一C3H7I and
1 8。for —C3H7I,respectiVe1y.
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