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尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12纳米粉体的合成

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2024年5月15日发(作者:六醉香)

维普资讯

第28卷第2期 青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版) Vo1.28 No.2 

2007年4月 Journal of Qingdao University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition) Apr.2007 

文章编号:1672—6987(2007)02—0103—04 

尖晶石型Li4 Ti5 ol2纳米粉体的合成 

董殿权。郑春辉 

(青岛科技大学化工学院,山东青岛266042) 

摘 要:用溶胶一凝胶法、沉淀一结晶法、共研磨一结晶法3种不同的合成方法合成出尖晶石 

型Li Ti O-。。产物分别在不同温度下焙烧,经XRD测定,选择最佳制备条件为:溶胶一凝 

胶法,合成温度700 ̄800℃,原料摩尔配比 (Li)/n(Ti)一0.8,焙烧时间4 h。采用T 

DSC测试方法研究了凝胶粉体的热分解和相转变过程。 

关键词:Li Ti Ol2;溶胶一凝胶法;沉淀一结晶法;共研磨一结晶法 

中图分类号:O 611.4 文献标识码:A 

Synthesis of NanOcrystalline Li4 Ti5 o12 Spinel Powders 

DONG Dian-quan,ZHENG Chun-hui 

(College of Chemical Engineering,Qingdao University of Science and Technology,Qingdao 266042,China) 

Abstract:The nanometer powder of Li4 Ti5 0l2 with a spinal structure was prepared by 

sol—gel,precipitation-crystallization,and grinding—crystallization methods.The products 

obtained by sintering at different temperatures have been characterized by TG—DSC and 

XRD.The best synthesis condition can be concluded as follows:sol—gel method;tem— 

perature at 700~800℃for 4 h; (Li)/n(Ti)一0.8.The thermal behavior and phase 

transformation of the gels were investigated by the differential thermogravimetry——sea—— 

ning calorimetry(TG—DSC). 

Key words:Li,Ti50l2;sol—gel method;precipitation-crystallization method;grinding— 

crystallization method 

近几年,国内锂电池的消费日益增长,电池材 合成出尖晶石结构的Li Ti O 同时对3种不同 

料的合成受到研究者的重视,同时产生出许多材 

的合成方法进行了比较。 

料合成的新方法_1 ]。尖晶石型Li Ti5 O 。因其具 

有特殊的原子排布结构而受到锂电池研究者的重 

1 实验部分 

视。合成Li Ti O 。的方法主要有高温固相反应 

1.1原料和仪器 

法_6 ]、电化学反应法_8 和溶胶一凝胶法_9]。高温 

硫酸钛、氨水、碳酸锂、氢氧化锂、钛酸丁脂、 

固相反应法采用的原料多以TiO。的不同形式出 

乙酸锂、乙酸、乙醇,所用试剂均为分析纯。 

现,其中包括无定型TiO。、锐钛型TiO。和溶胶一凝 D/max-T A型X_射线衍射仪,日本理学公 

胶法制得的TiOz。刘东强等_1 在合成温度为 司;NETZSCH STA449C综合热分析仪,德国 

800℃、焙烧时间20 h的条件下,采用溶胶一凝胶 

NETZSCH公司。 

法合成出Li Ti O。。。本工作选用简单原料,分别 

1.2合成方法 

采用沉淀一结晶法、共研磨一结晶法和溶胶一凝胶法 

沉淀一结晶法:向硫酸钛水溶液中滴加氨水至 

收稿日期:2006—09—29 

作者简介:董殿权(1970 ̄),男,副教授 

维普资讯

104 青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版) 第28卷 

pHI1~12,得到白色沉淀。将沉淀水洗,离心分 

离除去SO 一后,用草酸溶解,滴加氢氧化锂溶 

液,使 (Li)/n(Ti)一0.80、0.88、1.O4,调节pH 

至6~7。在电热板上陈化,8O。C下干燥。产物在 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

2OK。) 

(a)n(Li)/n(Ti)=0.08 

700℃高温炉中焙烧4 h。 

共研磨一结晶法:称取适量由沉淀一结晶法制 

备的氢氧化钛(Ti(OH) )和碳酸锂(Li CO。),以 

合成Li4Ti O, 的理论比混合,于玛瑙研钵中充分 

l0 20 30 40 50 60 70 

20/(。) 

(b)i/,(Li)/n(Ti)=0.88 

研磨。混合物在高温炉中空气气氛下焙烧4 h, 

焙烧温度分别为700、800、900。C。 

溶胶一凝胶法:按Li4Ti O, 分子式配比称取乙 

酸锂和钛酸四丁酯,分别溶于乙酸和无水乙醇中, 

将钛酸四丁酯放在磁力搅拌器上,边搅拌边加入 

溶解的乙酸锂,室温下混合搅拌至溶液变粘稠,溶 

质成过饱和状态而形成溶胶,静置后转变成凝胶, 

在5O℃烘箱中干燥成粉末后,置于高温炉中,在 

不同温度下焙烧。 

1.3样品表征 

X_射线衍射分析条件:管压4O kV,管流100 

mA,Cu—K 射线;扫描范围:I5。~70。,衍射波波长 

一0.154 05 nm;热重与差热扫描量热分析条件: 

扫描范围25~1 000℃,氮气气氛,进气量100 

mL・rain_。,升温速度1O。C・rain~。以X一射线 

衍射测定结果为依据,计算产物的粒径。 

2结果与讨论 

2.1沉淀一结晶法 

合成产物在700。C下焙烧,用X~射线衍射进 

行定性分析。所得谱图与JCPDS标准谱图对照, 

峰强度与峰位置与49—0207谱图数据基本吻合。 

表明合成物质为尖晶石型Li4Ti O 

根据文献[11]报道,影响晶型的因素包括原料 

及其配比、焙烧温度、时间,其中温度为主要因素。 

当温度固定后,晶型也基本固定,但晶体的纯度会 

受各种因素的影响。为得到单一相的Li4Ti O1 ,故 

调节原料配比,以Li4Ti O1 的纯度作为考核指标, 

通过X_射线衍射仪进行分析。3种不同原料配比 

制备产物的X_射线衍射谱图见图1。 

由图1可见, (Li)/n(Ti)一0.88时,谱图峰 

强度最高,表明此配比下的结晶状况最好,结晶缺 

陷少。在此配比下,金红石型二氧化钛的101面 

最强峰的峰强度最低,表明在此条件下得到产物 

杂质含量最低,高温固相反应进行较完全,合成的 

物质基本为单一相。 

l0 20 30 40 50 60 70 

20/(。) 

(c)i/,(Li)/n(Ti)=1.04 

图1不同配比下制得的Li4Ti50l2粉末的x射线衍射图 

Fig.1 The X—ray diffraction patterns of Li41"i5012 

prepared with different (Li)/ (Ti)ratios 

2.2共研磨一结晶法 

实验采用理论配比,对3个不同温度下合成 

的产物进行X_射线衍射分析,结果见图2。由图 

2可见,700。C时已有Li4Ti O 尖晶石相晶型出 

现,但晶体中存在大量的TiO 。衍射角增大后峰 

型较差,峰强度低,半峰宽数值增大,表明此时高 

温固相反应进行得很不彻底。当升高到900℃ 

时,谱图中已无TiO 特征峰,晶体为纯相 

Li4Ti O, 。结果表明,900。C是共研磨法合成 

¨ffi 0, 的最佳条件。 

10 2O 30 40 50 60 70 

2O/(。) 

(a)700℃ 

1O 2O 3O 40 5O 6O 70 

20/(。) 

(b)800℃ 

20/(。) 

(c)900℃ 

图2不同温度下制备的Li4TisOl2的x_射线粉末衍射圈 

Fig.2 The X—ray diffraction patterns of Li4TisOi2 

obtained by sintering at different temperatures 

2.3溶胶一凝胶法 

图3为 Ti O 凝胶前驱体的TG—DSC曲 

维普资讯

第2期 董殿权等:尖晶石型Li Ti 0。2纳米粉体的合成 105 

线,它表征了其在不同温度下的结晶与相变的过 ℃。焙烧后产品的X一射线衍射图谱见图4。 

程。 

8 

6 

・ 

2 

宅 0 

。 

4 

6 

图3 Li4Tis012的TG"DSC曲线图 

Fig.3 The TG-DSC curves of Li4 Ti5 Olz 

由图3可见,TG-DSC曲线按其失重过程可 

分为3个阶段。第一个阶段是从室温到200℃, 

TG曲线下降趋势比较平缓,失重量小于1O ,温 

度为67.2℃时,DSC曲线有一明显放热峰,分析 

可能是凝胶的粉末样品发生潮解,空气中的水份 

在样品表面发生凝结而放出热量。样品内乙醇溶 

剂的挥发与水分的吸附过程同时进行,67.2℃时 

潮解速度达到最大。TG曲线在67.2℃以后下 

降趋势变陡,表明此时样品中的吸附水、结晶水和 

剩余的少量溶剂挥发速度加快,DSC曲线下降也 

证明样品呈缓慢的吸热状态;第二个阶段主要在 

2O0~400℃的范围内,此阶段出现主要的热失 

重,失重为37.14 。此时原料中的有机成分开 

始分解、燃烧。同时,含钛有机物在高温下反应, 

生成Ti—O化合物也造成前驱体质量减少。到 

400℃时TG曲线基本不再下降。DSC曲线出现 

个大的吸热峰,表明此时样品中形成锐钛矿型 

TiO。_1 ;随着温度继续升高,失重进入第三阶段。 

钛与锂发生复合反应,Ti—O—Li键开始形成。 

到800 ̄C时,DSC曲线有一很小的放热峰,表明此 

时发生晶型转变。这和X_射线衍射结果完全一 

致,产物转变为立方晶系Li4Ti O 。。此区间内 

TG曲线没有明显的失重,表明有机物的燃烧失 

重已经基本完成,样品内主要进行的是晶相的局 

部规整过程_1 。400℃以后的TG曲线失重只有 

3.92%,DSC曲线呈总体上升趋势,说明结晶过 

程正在进行,结晶转变从400℃开始,经历四方晶 

系(锐钛矿型TiO2),到800℃转变为立方晶系 

(尖晶石型Li4Ti O z),然后向斜方晶系转变。 

由TG—DSC实验结果确定,溶胶一凝胶合成实 

验在500 ̄900℃范围内进行,焙烧温度间隔100 

对700℃谱图进行手动修正后,依据文 

献 ̄14-15 指标化,结果见表1。 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

281(。) 

(a)500 ̄C 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

20/(。) 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

281(。) 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

281(。) 

(d)800 ̄C 

: 一一  一一 娥 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

20/(。) 

舡一x一 一一玛  

(e)900℃ 

图4 溶胶・凝胶法制得Li4 Ti50l2的x射线粉末衍射图 

Fig.4 The X-ray diffraction patterns of Li4 TL,.O,z 

preparated by sol—gel method 

攀 

据 

邶一 川一Ⅲ。 。啪 

由图4可见,随着温度的升高,衍射峰宽明显 

变窄,且Li4Ti 0 。的最高峰强度迅速增长,到800 

℃衍射谱图峰型已相当完好,说明800℃时的晶 

体结构已很完整。与标准谱图对照,500℃和600 

℃谱图中最强峰为TiO。的(101)面特征峰(标准 

渴 

。m 。

维普资讯

1O6 青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版) 第28卷 

谱图89—4921);700、800和900℃谱图中最强峰 

为Li4Ti O 的(111)面特征峰(标准谱图49— 

0207)。对比500~700℃的3张谱图,(101)面 

TiO 特征峰变化明显,说明温度升到700℃时, 

由TiO 到Li4Ti5O 的高温固相反应已进行完全, 

Li Ti O z为纯相。 

对表1中晶胞参数进行最dx-乘拟合,得到 

a一0。838 43 nm。应用Scherrer公式L1 6]简单计 

算合成产物的平均粒径。Scherrer公式: 

D=k2/flcos0 (1) 

式中:k,比例常数,其值为0.9; ,X射线波 

长,为0.154 05 nm;0,半衍射角; ,峰的半高宽。 

由于X一射线衍射仪自身的宽化效应造成谱峰变 

宽,在计算过程中,取 一 一 , 为0.2。 

由Li i O 最强衍射(111)晶面峰的半高宽 

应用Scherrer公式求得800℃时D值为5.61 

nm。 

2.4 3种方法的比较 

3种合成方法对比结果见表2。 

表2 Li4Tis01z的3种合成方法对比 

Table 2 Comparison of Li4 Tis O12 prepared by 

three different synthesis method 

3种方法合成Li Ti O 的焙烧时间相同,原 

料配比相似,合成温度差别较大。溶胶一凝胶法合 

成温度范围较宽,产物为纯相,但所用原料为有机 

试剂,成本相对高于其他两种方法。沉淀一结晶法 

合成温度低,但产物中有少量杂相。综合比较,溶 

胶一凝胶法优点突出,适合用于合成Li TisO 。 

3结论 

分别采用沉淀一结晶法、共研磨一结晶法和溶 

胶一凝胶法制备出尖晶石结构的Li Ti O 。通过 

对比可知,采用溶胶一凝胶法合成产物为纯相的 

Li Ti O ,且合成温度低于其他2种方法,制备 

温度范围较宽,粒度为5。61 nm。溶胶一凝胶法合 

成Li Ti O 的条件为,合成温度700~800℃, 

n(Li)/n(Ti)一0.8,焙烧时间4 h。 

参 考 文 献 

[1]Liu W,Kowal K,Farrington G C.Mechanism of electro— 

chemical insertion of lithium into LiMn2O4 spinels[J"].Jour— 

nal of the Electrochemical Society,1998,145(2):459—465. 

[2]卢集政,赖琼钰.锂嵌脱化合物LiMn20 的微波烧结研究[J]. 

化学研究与应用,1998,10(6):620—623. 

[3]Sun Y K,Kim D W.Choi Y M.Synthesis and characteriza— 

tion of spinel LiMn2一xNio. 4 for lithium/polymer battery ap— 

plications[J].Jounal of Power Sources,1999,79(2):231— 

237. 

[4]Sun Y K,Oh B,Joo Lee H.Synthesis and electrochemical 

-characterizati0n of oxysulfide spinel LiAlo 15 Mn1.85 Os.97 So.o3 

cathode materials for rechargeable batteries[J"].Electrochim— 

ica Acta,2000,46(4):54I-546. 

[5]Ramesh Chitrakar,Hirofumi Kanoh,Yoshitaka Miyai,et 

a1.Recovery of lithium from seawater using manganese oxide 

adsorbent(H1.5 Mn1.5 O4)derived from Lil.5 Mn1.5 O4[J]. 

Ind Eng Chem Res,2001,40(9):2054—2058. 

[6]杨建文,钟晖,钟海云,等.无定形Ti02合成尖晶石Lj 5O12 

的性能[J].过程工程学报,2005,5(2):170—174. 

[7]苏岳锋,吴锋,陈朝峰.纳米微晶TiO2合成Li Tis0,2及其嵌 

锂行为[J].物理化学学报,2004,20(7):707—711. 

[8]朱传高,朱其永,魏亦军,等.纳米Li Tis0,2前驱体的电合成 

及其溶胶一凝胶过程[J].化学世界,2005(8):453—457. 

[9]Kavan Ladislav,Gratzel Michae1.Facile synthesis of nano— 

crystalline Li4Ti50,2(spine1)exhibiting fast Li insertion[J]. 

Electrochemical Society,2002,5(2):39—42. 

[10-]刘东强,赖琼钰,郝艳静,等.Li4Tis0,2溶胶一凝胶法合成及 

其机理研究[J].无机化学学报,2004,20(4):829—832. 

[11]杨建文,钟晖,钟海云,等.Li4Tis0,2的合成及其影响因素 

[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2005,36(1):55—59. 

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2024年5月15日发(作者:六醉香)

维普资讯

第28卷第2期 青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版) Vo1.28 No.2 

2007年4月 Journal of Qingdao University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition) Apr.2007 

文章编号:1672—6987(2007)02—0103—04 

尖晶石型Li4 Ti5 ol2纳米粉体的合成 

董殿权。郑春辉 

(青岛科技大学化工学院,山东青岛266042) 

摘 要:用溶胶一凝胶法、沉淀一结晶法、共研磨一结晶法3种不同的合成方法合成出尖晶石 

型Li Ti O-。。产物分别在不同温度下焙烧,经XRD测定,选择最佳制备条件为:溶胶一凝 

胶法,合成温度700 ̄800℃,原料摩尔配比 (Li)/n(Ti)一0.8,焙烧时间4 h。采用T 

DSC测试方法研究了凝胶粉体的热分解和相转变过程。 

关键词:Li Ti Ol2;溶胶一凝胶法;沉淀一结晶法;共研磨一结晶法 

中图分类号:O 611.4 文献标识码:A 

Synthesis of NanOcrystalline Li4 Ti5 o12 Spinel Powders 

DONG Dian-quan,ZHENG Chun-hui 

(College of Chemical Engineering,Qingdao University of Science and Technology,Qingdao 266042,China) 

Abstract:The nanometer powder of Li4 Ti5 0l2 with a spinal structure was prepared by 

sol—gel,precipitation-crystallization,and grinding—crystallization methods.The products 

obtained by sintering at different temperatures have been characterized by TG—DSC and 

XRD.The best synthesis condition can be concluded as follows:sol—gel method;tem— 

perature at 700~800℃for 4 h; (Li)/n(Ti)一0.8.The thermal behavior and phase 

transformation of the gels were investigated by the differential thermogravimetry——sea—— 

ning calorimetry(TG—DSC). 

Key words:Li,Ti50l2;sol—gel method;precipitation-crystallization method;grinding— 

crystallization method 

近几年,国内锂电池的消费日益增长,电池材 合成出尖晶石结构的Li Ti O 同时对3种不同 

料的合成受到研究者的重视,同时产生出许多材 

的合成方法进行了比较。 

料合成的新方法_1 ]。尖晶石型Li Ti5 O 。因其具 

有特殊的原子排布结构而受到锂电池研究者的重 

1 实验部分 

视。合成Li Ti O 。的方法主要有高温固相反应 

1.1原料和仪器 

法_6 ]、电化学反应法_8 和溶胶一凝胶法_9]。高温 

硫酸钛、氨水、碳酸锂、氢氧化锂、钛酸丁脂、 

固相反应法采用的原料多以TiO。的不同形式出 

乙酸锂、乙酸、乙醇,所用试剂均为分析纯。 

现,其中包括无定型TiO。、锐钛型TiO。和溶胶一凝 D/max-T A型X_射线衍射仪,日本理学公 

胶法制得的TiOz。刘东强等_1 在合成温度为 司;NETZSCH STA449C综合热分析仪,德国 

800℃、焙烧时间20 h的条件下,采用溶胶一凝胶 

NETZSCH公司。 

法合成出Li Ti O。。。本工作选用简单原料,分别 

1.2合成方法 

采用沉淀一结晶法、共研磨一结晶法和溶胶一凝胶法 

沉淀一结晶法:向硫酸钛水溶液中滴加氨水至 

收稿日期:2006—09—29 

作者简介:董殿权(1970 ̄),男,副教授 

维普资讯

104 青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版) 第28卷 

pHI1~12,得到白色沉淀。将沉淀水洗,离心分 

离除去SO 一后,用草酸溶解,滴加氢氧化锂溶 

液,使 (Li)/n(Ti)一0.80、0.88、1.O4,调节pH 

至6~7。在电热板上陈化,8O。C下干燥。产物在 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

2OK。) 

(a)n(Li)/n(Ti)=0.08 

700℃高温炉中焙烧4 h。 

共研磨一结晶法:称取适量由沉淀一结晶法制 

备的氢氧化钛(Ti(OH) )和碳酸锂(Li CO。),以 

合成Li4Ti O, 的理论比混合,于玛瑙研钵中充分 

l0 20 30 40 50 60 70 

20/(。) 

(b)i/,(Li)/n(Ti)=0.88 

研磨。混合物在高温炉中空气气氛下焙烧4 h, 

焙烧温度分别为700、800、900。C。 

溶胶一凝胶法:按Li4Ti O, 分子式配比称取乙 

酸锂和钛酸四丁酯,分别溶于乙酸和无水乙醇中, 

将钛酸四丁酯放在磁力搅拌器上,边搅拌边加入 

溶解的乙酸锂,室温下混合搅拌至溶液变粘稠,溶 

质成过饱和状态而形成溶胶,静置后转变成凝胶, 

在5O℃烘箱中干燥成粉末后,置于高温炉中,在 

不同温度下焙烧。 

1.3样品表征 

X_射线衍射分析条件:管压4O kV,管流100 

mA,Cu—K 射线;扫描范围:I5。~70。,衍射波波长 

一0.154 05 nm;热重与差热扫描量热分析条件: 

扫描范围25~1 000℃,氮气气氛,进气量100 

mL・rain_。,升温速度1O。C・rain~。以X一射线 

衍射测定结果为依据,计算产物的粒径。 

2结果与讨论 

2.1沉淀一结晶法 

合成产物在700。C下焙烧,用X~射线衍射进 

行定性分析。所得谱图与JCPDS标准谱图对照, 

峰强度与峰位置与49—0207谱图数据基本吻合。 

表明合成物质为尖晶石型Li4Ti O 

根据文献[11]报道,影响晶型的因素包括原料 

及其配比、焙烧温度、时间,其中温度为主要因素。 

当温度固定后,晶型也基本固定,但晶体的纯度会 

受各种因素的影响。为得到单一相的Li4Ti O1 ,故 

调节原料配比,以Li4Ti O1 的纯度作为考核指标, 

通过X_射线衍射仪进行分析。3种不同原料配比 

制备产物的X_射线衍射谱图见图1。 

由图1可见, (Li)/n(Ti)一0.88时,谱图峰 

强度最高,表明此配比下的结晶状况最好,结晶缺 

陷少。在此配比下,金红石型二氧化钛的101面 

最强峰的峰强度最低,表明在此条件下得到产物 

杂质含量最低,高温固相反应进行较完全,合成的 

物质基本为单一相。 

l0 20 30 40 50 60 70 

20/(。) 

(c)i/,(Li)/n(Ti)=1.04 

图1不同配比下制得的Li4Ti50l2粉末的x射线衍射图 

Fig.1 The X—ray diffraction patterns of Li41"i5012 

prepared with different (Li)/ (Ti)ratios 

2.2共研磨一结晶法 

实验采用理论配比,对3个不同温度下合成 

的产物进行X_射线衍射分析,结果见图2。由图 

2可见,700。C时已有Li4Ti O 尖晶石相晶型出 

现,但晶体中存在大量的TiO 。衍射角增大后峰 

型较差,峰强度低,半峰宽数值增大,表明此时高 

温固相反应进行得很不彻底。当升高到900℃ 

时,谱图中已无TiO 特征峰,晶体为纯相 

Li4Ti O, 。结果表明,900。C是共研磨法合成 

¨ffi 0, 的最佳条件。 

10 2O 30 40 50 60 70 

2O/(。) 

(a)700℃ 

1O 2O 3O 40 5O 6O 70 

20/(。) 

(b)800℃ 

20/(。) 

(c)900℃ 

图2不同温度下制备的Li4TisOl2的x_射线粉末衍射圈 

Fig.2 The X—ray diffraction patterns of Li4TisOi2 

obtained by sintering at different temperatures 

2.3溶胶一凝胶法 

图3为 Ti O 凝胶前驱体的TG—DSC曲 

维普资讯

第2期 董殿权等:尖晶石型Li Ti 0。2纳米粉体的合成 105 

线,它表征了其在不同温度下的结晶与相变的过 ℃。焙烧后产品的X一射线衍射图谱见图4。 

程。 

8 

6 

・ 

2 

宅 0 

。 

4 

6 

图3 Li4Tis012的TG"DSC曲线图 

Fig.3 The TG-DSC curves of Li4 Ti5 Olz 

由图3可见,TG-DSC曲线按其失重过程可 

分为3个阶段。第一个阶段是从室温到200℃, 

TG曲线下降趋势比较平缓,失重量小于1O ,温 

度为67.2℃时,DSC曲线有一明显放热峰,分析 

可能是凝胶的粉末样品发生潮解,空气中的水份 

在样品表面发生凝结而放出热量。样品内乙醇溶 

剂的挥发与水分的吸附过程同时进行,67.2℃时 

潮解速度达到最大。TG曲线在67.2℃以后下 

降趋势变陡,表明此时样品中的吸附水、结晶水和 

剩余的少量溶剂挥发速度加快,DSC曲线下降也 

证明样品呈缓慢的吸热状态;第二个阶段主要在 

2O0~400℃的范围内,此阶段出现主要的热失 

重,失重为37.14 。此时原料中的有机成分开 

始分解、燃烧。同时,含钛有机物在高温下反应, 

生成Ti—O化合物也造成前驱体质量减少。到 

400℃时TG曲线基本不再下降。DSC曲线出现 

个大的吸热峰,表明此时样品中形成锐钛矿型 

TiO。_1 ;随着温度继续升高,失重进入第三阶段。 

钛与锂发生复合反应,Ti—O—Li键开始形成。 

到800 ̄C时,DSC曲线有一很小的放热峰,表明此 

时发生晶型转变。这和X_射线衍射结果完全一 

致,产物转变为立方晶系Li4Ti O 。。此区间内 

TG曲线没有明显的失重,表明有机物的燃烧失 

重已经基本完成,样品内主要进行的是晶相的局 

部规整过程_1 。400℃以后的TG曲线失重只有 

3.92%,DSC曲线呈总体上升趋势,说明结晶过 

程正在进行,结晶转变从400℃开始,经历四方晶 

系(锐钛矿型TiO2),到800℃转变为立方晶系 

(尖晶石型Li4Ti O z),然后向斜方晶系转变。 

由TG—DSC实验结果确定,溶胶一凝胶合成实 

验在500 ̄900℃范围内进行,焙烧温度间隔100 

对700℃谱图进行手动修正后,依据文 

献 ̄14-15 指标化,结果见表1。 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

281(。) 

(a)500 ̄C 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

20/(。) 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

281(。) 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

281(。) 

(d)800 ̄C 

: 一一  一一 娥 

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 

20/(。) 

舡一x一 一一玛  

(e)900℃ 

图4 溶胶・凝胶法制得Li4 Ti50l2的x射线粉末衍射图 

Fig.4 The X-ray diffraction patterns of Li4 TL,.O,z 

preparated by sol—gel method 

攀 

据 

邶一 川一Ⅲ。 。啪 

由图4可见,随着温度的升高,衍射峰宽明显 

变窄,且Li4Ti 0 。的最高峰强度迅速增长,到800 

℃衍射谱图峰型已相当完好,说明800℃时的晶 

体结构已很完整。与标准谱图对照,500℃和600 

℃谱图中最强峰为TiO。的(101)面特征峰(标准 

渴 

。m 。

维普资讯

1O6 青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版) 第28卷 

谱图89—4921);700、800和900℃谱图中最强峰 

为Li4Ti O 的(111)面特征峰(标准谱图49— 

0207)。对比500~700℃的3张谱图,(101)面 

TiO 特征峰变化明显,说明温度升到700℃时, 

由TiO 到Li4Ti5O 的高温固相反应已进行完全, 

Li Ti O z为纯相。 

对表1中晶胞参数进行最dx-乘拟合,得到 

a一0。838 43 nm。应用Scherrer公式L1 6]简单计 

算合成产物的平均粒径。Scherrer公式: 

D=k2/flcos0 (1) 

式中:k,比例常数,其值为0.9; ,X射线波 

长,为0.154 05 nm;0,半衍射角; ,峰的半高宽。 

由于X一射线衍射仪自身的宽化效应造成谱峰变 

宽,在计算过程中,取 一 一 , 为0.2。 

由Li i O 最强衍射(111)晶面峰的半高宽 

应用Scherrer公式求得800℃时D值为5.61 

nm。 

2.4 3种方法的比较 

3种合成方法对比结果见表2。 

表2 Li4Tis01z的3种合成方法对比 

Table 2 Comparison of Li4 Tis O12 prepared by 

three different synthesis method 

3种方法合成Li Ti O 的焙烧时间相同,原 

料配比相似,合成温度差别较大。溶胶一凝胶法合 

成温度范围较宽,产物为纯相,但所用原料为有机 

试剂,成本相对高于其他两种方法。沉淀一结晶法 

合成温度低,但产物中有少量杂相。综合比较,溶 

胶一凝胶法优点突出,适合用于合成Li TisO 。 

3结论 

分别采用沉淀一结晶法、共研磨一结晶法和溶 

胶一凝胶法制备出尖晶石结构的Li Ti O 。通过 

对比可知,采用溶胶一凝胶法合成产物为纯相的 

Li Ti O ,且合成温度低于其他2种方法,制备 

温度范围较宽,粒度为5。61 nm。溶胶一凝胶法合 

成Li Ti O 的条件为,合成温度700~800℃, 

n(Li)/n(Ti)一0.8,焙烧时间4 h。 

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File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
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File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1727199917)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1727642312)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1727642312)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1727709066)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1727709066)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1728413916)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1728413916)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1729125313)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1729125313)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1729126709)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1729126709)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1729130537)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1729130537)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1729202873)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1729202873)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1729203479)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1729203479)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1729203782)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1729203782)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1729643181)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1729643181)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1729651987)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1729651987)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1730013382)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1730013382)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1730015043)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1730015043)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1730016252)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1730016252)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1730498384)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1730498384)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1730616560)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1730616560)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1743690424)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1743690424)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
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