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2024母胎 Rh血型不合所致同种免疫反应及妊娠相关问题

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2024年4月11日发(作者:习婷美)

2024母胎Rh血型不合所致同种免疫反应及妊娠相关问题

胎儿同种免疫反应(isoimmunization或alloimmunization)是指由于致敏

作用在母体循环中出现抗胎儿红细胞抗原抗体,继而进入胎儿循环与红细胞

抗原结合并产生溶血、贫血所致的一种同种被动免疫性疾病[1],严重者可发生

免疫性胎儿水肿(immunehydropsfetalis

x

IHF)

o

母胎Rh血型不合是发生胎

儿同种免疫反应的主要原因,现就其在妊娠过程中的发生、发展、诊断及治疗

等相关问题结合国内现况进行综述。

一、发病机制

可引起同种免疫性溶血的红细胞血型系统包括0、KeILKidd、DUffy

等,Rh血型导致的同种免疫性溶血最为严重。Rh血型系统含有D、E、C、

c、e5种抗原,其中以D的抗原性最强,母胎Rh血型不合所致的同种免疫性

溶血几乎均由D抗原引起。当孕妇为Rh阴性(dd)时,如父方为Rh阳性纯合

子(DD》则所有的胎儿均为Rh阳性;如父方为Rh阳性杂合子(Dd)则50%的

胎儿为Rh阳性。我国汉族人群中RhD阳性个体Dd杂合型比例为

7.4%~9.0%,远低于国外水平,因而RhD阴性孕妇生育RhD阳性胎儿的概率

高达95.5%~96.3%[2]

o

Rh系统一般不存在天然抗体。Rh阴性孕妇第1次妊娠胎儿为Rh阳性时胎

儿RhD抗原有可能通过胎盘进入母体而发生免疫反应产生抗D抗体;其中

胎-母出血(feto-maternalhemorrhage,FMH)是引起Rh同种免疫反应的基

砒许多学者证实FMH的频次和量随妊娠孕周增加而增加⑶,一定条件下将致

敏母体的B淋巴细胞克隆。此次免疫应答主要产生IgM抗D抗体,不能通过

胎盘。当孕妇第2次妊娠胎儿仍为Rh阳性时,母血中的记忆B淋巴细胞因D

抗原的再次免疫激活可在短时间内生成大量的IgG抗D抗体,可通过胎盘,引

起胎儿同种免疫反应⑷。

大部分母胎Rh同种免疫反应仅导致轻或中度的胎儿溶血,另有20%~25%的

胎儿因严重溶血出现IHF[5]。以往认为,IHF主要与贫血性心力衰竭有关,

深入的研究发现,异常红细胞生成常导致胎儿肝脏结构破坏,引起门静脉和脐

静脉高压、胎盘水肿;同时肝脏功能减弱导致低蛋白血症,引起胶体渗透压降低,

最终出现皮肤水肿、胸腔积液、腹水和心包积液等[6]。

母胎Rh同种免疫性溶血很少发生于初次妊娠滁非在初次妊娠前曾有过Rh

不同型的输血。Taylor[7]提出〃外祖母学说

(matemalgrandmothertheory)"以解释初次妊娠发生的Rh同种免疫性溶

血,即Rh阳性母亲妊娠Rh阴性女胎时,母血进入胎儿体内激发了Rh初次免

疫;当女胎出生长大后妊娠Rh阳性胎儿时,即可因再次激活而产生严重的同种

免疫反应。此外,ABO血型不合可减轻Rh血型不合的免疫致敏作用,因胎儿

红细胞进入母体内首先受到抗A、抗B抗体的破坏[8]。而且,男胎比女胎

更易使母体致敏,机制不明[9]。

二、患病风险

母胎Rh同种免疫性溶血的发病率在不同人群和种族中存在差异,我国汉族

Rh阴性者仅为0.34%[10]油Rh血型不合所致的同种免疫性溶血的群体

发病率很低;但我国人口基数大,某些少数民族(如维吾尔族)发病率较高,抗D

2024年4月11日发(作者:习婷美)

2024母胎Rh血型不合所致同种免疫反应及妊娠相关问题

胎儿同种免疫反应(isoimmunization或alloimmunization)是指由于致敏

作用在母体循环中出现抗胎儿红细胞抗原抗体,继而进入胎儿循环与红细胞

抗原结合并产生溶血、贫血所致的一种同种被动免疫性疾病[1],严重者可发生

免疫性胎儿水肿(immunehydropsfetalis

x

IHF)

o

母胎Rh血型不合是发生胎

儿同种免疫反应的主要原因,现就其在妊娠过程中的发生、发展、诊断及治疗

等相关问题结合国内现况进行综述。

一、发病机制

可引起同种免疫性溶血的红细胞血型系统包括0、KeILKidd、DUffy

等,Rh血型导致的同种免疫性溶血最为严重。Rh血型系统含有D、E、C、

c、e5种抗原,其中以D的抗原性最强,母胎Rh血型不合所致的同种免疫性

溶血几乎均由D抗原引起。当孕妇为Rh阴性(dd)时,如父方为Rh阳性纯合

子(DD》则所有的胎儿均为Rh阳性;如父方为Rh阳性杂合子(Dd)则50%的

胎儿为Rh阳性。我国汉族人群中RhD阳性个体Dd杂合型比例为

7.4%~9.0%,远低于国外水平,因而RhD阴性孕妇生育RhD阳性胎儿的概率

高达95.5%~96.3%[2]

o

Rh系统一般不存在天然抗体。Rh阴性孕妇第1次妊娠胎儿为Rh阳性时胎

儿RhD抗原有可能通过胎盘进入母体而发生免疫反应产生抗D抗体;其中

胎-母出血(feto-maternalhemorrhage,FMH)是引起Rh同种免疫反应的基

砒许多学者证实FMH的频次和量随妊娠孕周增加而增加⑶,一定条件下将致

敏母体的B淋巴细胞克隆。此次免疫应答主要产生IgM抗D抗体,不能通过

胎盘。当孕妇第2次妊娠胎儿仍为Rh阳性时,母血中的记忆B淋巴细胞因D

抗原的再次免疫激活可在短时间内生成大量的IgG抗D抗体,可通过胎盘,引

起胎儿同种免疫反应⑷。

大部分母胎Rh同种免疫反应仅导致轻或中度的胎儿溶血,另有20%~25%的

胎儿因严重溶血出现IHF[5]。以往认为,IHF主要与贫血性心力衰竭有关,

深入的研究发现,异常红细胞生成常导致胎儿肝脏结构破坏,引起门静脉和脐

静脉高压、胎盘水肿;同时肝脏功能减弱导致低蛋白血症,引起胶体渗透压降低,

最终出现皮肤水肿、胸腔积液、腹水和心包积液等[6]。

母胎Rh同种免疫性溶血很少发生于初次妊娠滁非在初次妊娠前曾有过Rh

不同型的输血。Taylor[7]提出〃外祖母学说

(matemalgrandmothertheory)"以解释初次妊娠发生的Rh同种免疫性溶

血,即Rh阳性母亲妊娠Rh阴性女胎时,母血进入胎儿体内激发了Rh初次免

疫;当女胎出生长大后妊娠Rh阳性胎儿时,即可因再次激活而产生严重的同种

免疫反应。此外,ABO血型不合可减轻Rh血型不合的免疫致敏作用,因胎儿

红细胞进入母体内首先受到抗A、抗B抗体的破坏[8]。而且,男胎比女胎

更易使母体致敏,机制不明[9]。

二、患病风险

母胎Rh同种免疫性溶血的发病率在不同人群和种族中存在差异,我国汉族

Rh阴性者仅为0.34%[10]油Rh血型不合所致的同种免疫性溶血的群体

发病率很低;但我国人口基数大,某些少数民族(如维吾尔族)发病率较高,抗D

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File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1717220655)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1718196378)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1718196378)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1718286410)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1718286410)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1718344460)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1718344460)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1095, humandate(1726709674)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(26))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
Error[2]: Trying to access array offset on value of type int, File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/xiunophp/xiunophp.min.php, Line: 54
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 1096, humandate(1726709674)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/model_thread.func.php, Line: 662, well_thread_format(array(27))
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm, Line: 249, well_thread_find_asc(array(20) , 20)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php, Line: 204, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/view_template_d8_htm_read.htm)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php, Line: 129, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/route_read.php)
File: /www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/index.php, Line: 29, include(/www/wwwroot/www.usbmi.com/tmp/index.inc.php)
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