2024年2月16日发(作者：丙淼淼)
Lecture note 6
1、 形合VS意合p127
汉语：意合，“以意统形”，强调逻辑关联与意义关联而不在意词语之间和句际之间的形式衔接。主要特征是流水句多，外形松散而内涵逻辑关系。
英语：形合，强调形式和功能，句子成分之间的关系要求用形式标记表明。
Eg：
1.
2.
三人行，必有我师。
Among any three people，there must be one who can be my teacher.
人穷志短，马瘦毛长。
Generally it is natural that you will find it difficult to preserve your dignity when you are
poverty-stricken.
3.
4.
人非圣贤，孰能无过？
To error is human.
不孝有三，无后为大。
Of the three kinds of unfilial in the world,the greatest is not to have a son to carry on the
family lines.
5.
6.
She had such a fright that she fainted.
她吓得昏了过去。
不吃苦中苦，哪得甜中甜？
If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall（胆汁）, how can you know the sweetness of
honey?
7. 我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的河滚滚流过。（流水句 run-on sentence）
Somehow our path took us toward the park across the footbridge high above the rolling
waters of the river.
2、 曲折变化p108
Eg:
8.
9.
They told me that Professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter.
他们说到今年冬天刘教授在这里教书要满20年了。
Oxford is much smaller in numbers, for example, than the State University of Minnesota,and is
much poorer. It has, or had till yesterday, fewer students than the University of Toronto.
例如，牛津大学在校学生数比明尼苏达州立大学要少的多，也穷多了。牛津的在校学生数无论现在还是在过去都比多伦多大学少。
10.
11.
12.
His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
主人对他的冷淡使他更加不舒服。
I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.
听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。
近几年网游产业在高科技光环的笼罩下飞速发展。2004年中国网游产业利润高达4.5亿美元，但深埋其中的隐患却没有引起多数人的注意，结果上网成瘾的人数在不断增长。
Recent years have seen rapid development of the Internet gaming industry，in the guise of
high 2004,this sector’s profit was a massive$450 million,but the looming danger of
addiction seems to have escaped people’s a result,the number of addicted people has
kept rising.
3、 语调VS声调
Eg:
13. It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can
make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which
were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and
matchless rhythm. (E. Bradbury: The Vacation)
绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，那日子如此清新可爱。蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地静谧，那日子如此万籁俱寂。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其适宜的时刻，特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或振，或起，或伏。
4、 刚性VS柔性
汉语：句子比较不受形式的约束，可以因表意的需要而加以变通，词语的分合伸缩比较灵活，用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要双方意思明白，就可以了。
英语：句子的形式严格受到语法的制约， 如句子必须有主语和谓语动词，及物动词必须有宾语，这些不管用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律。
英语有综合语的特征，受形式的约束，因而语法是硬的，没有弹性；汉语是分析语，不受形态的约束，因而语法是软的，富于弹性。
Eg:
14. 这姑娘长得漂亮，鹅蛋形脸，两眼又深又黑，披着又长又密的头发。
She is a pretty girl, with an oval face, deep dark eyes, and long heavy hair.
5、 静态语势VS动态语势p109
汉语：汉语组句主要依靠动词或动词词组，从而造成汉语的动态语势（dynamic）。
英语：英语的名词，介词，形容词，副词表达能力很强，是英语组句的骨干词汇，它们由谓语动词统领造成了英语的静态语势（static）。
Eg:
15.
16.
Water works for weight loss.
经常饮水有利于减肥。
Bob’s popularity as an actor and stand-up comedian led to his casting in a number of motion
pictures, with some of the biggest film stars in Hollywood, and of course, as the cartoon voice of
Bernard the mouse.
做为演员笑星，鲍勃人气颇旺。这使他有机会同好莱坞最著名的演员一起拍摄了多部影片，当然，他还为卡通片中的老鼠“伯纳德”配过音。
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已经用于外太空的探索。
The sight and sound of the jet planes filled with me special longing.
看到巨大的喷气式飞机，听到飞机起飞的轰鸣声，我心驰神往。
The kaleidoscope of shifting interests made it impossible to sort out the “winners” and “losers”.
各国利益变化不定，好像万花筒一样，这就使人难以分辨出究竟谁是“胜者”，谁是“输家”。
他只要听得几句恭维话就会得意忘形。
A little flattery would set him carried away.
一星期没洗澡，一身臭汗。
I am smelling of seven-day-old sweat.
The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.
不屑于干自己工作的人，终有一天发现自己不配干那份工作。
23.
24.
… government of the people, by the people, for the people.
民有治享。
“We have had a lot of things on you”, the police officer said to the suspect.
警官对犯罪嫌疑人说：“我们已经掌握了你大量的证据。”
Exercise:
1) Piecemeal reform is useless.
小改小革无济于事。
2) History has never been kind to the place.
这个地方长期以来都是多灾多难。
3) Summer holidays in workaholic Japan are not an institution.
这些以工作狂著称的日本人从不喜欢在夏天去度假。
4) Watching television, of course, is an evening ritual （仪式的）for people throughout the world.
晚上看电视已经成为人们的习惯，全球都是如此。
5) 通过大量的飞行实验，证明这架飞机具有良好的操作性和可靠的安全性。（语势）
Many times of flying tests prove that the plane has a great operability and reliable safety.
6、 物称VS人称p123
汉语：汉语一般更习惯人称化的表达，尤其是主语，能施行动作或有生命的物体为主语首选。
英语：英语的物称倾向在其造句时十分明显。最具代表性的是对主语的择定，英语常常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语。
Eg:
25.
26.
A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Oliver in.
奥利弗进门时带进来一缕雪茄烟雾。
Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.
这位曾给全世界带来笑声的人自己却饱偿辛酸。
7、 重复p114
27.
28.
29.
Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French.
英译汉不如英译法容易。
Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.
同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。
Courage in excess becomes fool hardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
过度的勇气变为蛮勇，过度的喜爱变为溺爱，过度的节俭变为贪婪。
8、 音律和对偶p119
30. 路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。
The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all
kinds of things.
31.
32.
33.
34.
深秋，冷雨霏霏，屋里静悄悄的。
The cold November rain fell upon the quiet house.
Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.
欢迎他的只有几下冷淡的掌声，零零散散，并不响亮。
The hurricane flattened crops, uprooted trees, washed away roads and rippled off roofs.
飓风所到之处，庄稼倒伏，树根拔起，道路冲毁，屋顶掀飞。
Peasants now sell vegetables at moving prices determined by their supply and their customer’s
demand.
现在农民出手蔬菜，价格都是随行就市。
9、 准确用词VS大词p120
35.
36.
…炉子上的火苗，随着风箱低沉沉的吼声一闪一闪地。
… and the furnace flashed in rhythm with the flip-flap of the bellows.（roaring?）
今年我省在引进工作方面又取得了重大成就。
Much more fruitful work has been done in our province this year in importing advanced
technology and equipment and in attracting foreign investors.（major achievement?）
引进工作：空洞的词汇，宜译出其实指意义。
10、 主动语态VS被动语态p125&131
37. 每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村。
A. I would ramble about the surrounding country every holiday afternoon.
B. My holiday afternoons were spent in rambling about the surrounding country.
38. 仔细看看信的地址是否写对了。
A. Please make sure that you write the proper address on the envelop.
B. Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.
11、 句子、段落重心
12、 段落意识
13、 思维及语言表达习惯
2024年2月16日发(作者：丙淼淼)
Lecture note 6
1、 形合VS意合p127
汉语：意合，“以意统形”，强调逻辑关联与意义关联而不在意词语之间和句际之间的形式衔接。主要特征是流水句多，外形松散而内涵逻辑关系。
英语：形合，强调形式和功能，句子成分之间的关系要求用形式标记表明。
Eg：
1.
2.
三人行，必有我师。
Among any three people，there must be one who can be my teacher.
人穷志短，马瘦毛长。
Generally it is natural that you will find it difficult to preserve your dignity when you are
poverty-stricken.
3.
4.
人非圣贤，孰能无过？
To error is human.
不孝有三，无后为大。
Of the three kinds of unfilial in the world,the greatest is not to have a son to carry on the
family lines.
5.
6.
She had such a fright that she fainted.
她吓得昏了过去。
不吃苦中苦，哪得甜中甜？
If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall（胆汁）, how can you know the sweetness of
honey?
7. 我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的河滚滚流过。（流水句 run-on sentence）
Somehow our path took us toward the park across the footbridge high above the rolling
waters of the river.
2、 曲折变化p108
Eg:
8.
9.
They told me that Professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter.
他们说到今年冬天刘教授在这里教书要满20年了。
Oxford is much smaller in numbers, for example, than the State University of Minnesota,and is
much poorer. It has, or had till yesterday, fewer students than the University of Toronto.
例如，牛津大学在校学生数比明尼苏达州立大学要少的多，也穷多了。牛津的在校学生数无论现在还是在过去都比多伦多大学少。
10.
11.
12.
His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
主人对他的冷淡使他更加不舒服。
I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.
听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。
近几年网游产业在高科技光环的笼罩下飞速发展。2004年中国网游产业利润高达4.5亿美元，但深埋其中的隐患却没有引起多数人的注意，结果上网成瘾的人数在不断增长。
Recent years have seen rapid development of the Internet gaming industry，in the guise of
high 2004,this sector’s profit was a massive$450 million,but the looming danger of
addiction seems to have escaped people’s a result,the number of addicted people has
kept rising.
3、 语调VS声调
Eg:
13. It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can
make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which
were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and
matchless rhythm. (E. Bradbury: The Vacation)
绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，那日子如此清新可爱。蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地静谧，那日子如此万籁俱寂。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其适宜的时刻，特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或振，或起，或伏。
4、 刚性VS柔性
汉语：句子比较不受形式的约束，可以因表意的需要而加以变通，词语的分合伸缩比较灵活，用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要双方意思明白，就可以了。
英语：句子的形式严格受到语法的制约， 如句子必须有主语和谓语动词，及物动词必须有宾语，这些不管用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律。
英语有综合语的特征，受形式的约束，因而语法是硬的，没有弹性；汉语是分析语，不受形态的约束，因而语法是软的，富于弹性。
Eg:
14. 这姑娘长得漂亮，鹅蛋形脸，两眼又深又黑，披着又长又密的头发。
She is a pretty girl, with an oval face, deep dark eyes, and long heavy hair.
5、 静态语势VS动态语势p109
汉语：汉语组句主要依靠动词或动词词组，从而造成汉语的动态语势（dynamic）。
英语：英语的名词，介词，形容词，副词表达能力很强，是英语组句的骨干词汇，它们由谓语动词统领造成了英语的静态语势（static）。
Eg:
15.
16.
Water works for weight loss.
经常饮水有利于减肥。
Bob’s popularity as an actor and stand-up comedian led to his casting in a number of motion
pictures, with some of the biggest film stars in Hollywood, and of course, as the cartoon voice of
Bernard the mouse.
做为演员笑星，鲍勃人气颇旺。这使他有机会同好莱坞最著名的演员一起拍摄了多部影片，当然，他还为卡通片中的老鼠“伯纳德”配过音。
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已经用于外太空的探索。
The sight and sound of the jet planes filled with me special longing.
看到巨大的喷气式飞机，听到飞机起飞的轰鸣声，我心驰神往。
The kaleidoscope of shifting interests made it impossible to sort out the “winners” and “losers”.
各国利益变化不定，好像万花筒一样，这就使人难以分辨出究竟谁是“胜者”，谁是“输家”。
他只要听得几句恭维话就会得意忘形。
A little flattery would set him carried away.
一星期没洗澡，一身臭汗。
I am smelling of seven-day-old sweat.
The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.
不屑于干自己工作的人，终有一天发现自己不配干那份工作。
23.
24.
… government of the people, by the people, for the people.
民有治享。
“We have had a lot of things on you”, the police officer said to the suspect.
警官对犯罪嫌疑人说：“我们已经掌握了你大量的证据。”
Exercise:
1) Piecemeal reform is useless.
小改小革无济于事。
2) History has never been kind to the place.
这个地方长期以来都是多灾多难。
3) Summer holidays in workaholic Japan are not an institution.
这些以工作狂著称的日本人从不喜欢在夏天去度假。
4) Watching television, of course, is an evening ritual （仪式的）for people throughout the world.
晚上看电视已经成为人们的习惯，全球都是如此。
5) 通过大量的飞行实验，证明这架飞机具有良好的操作性和可靠的安全性。（语势）
Many times of flying tests prove that the plane has a great operability and reliable safety.
6、 物称VS人称p123
汉语：汉语一般更习惯人称化的表达，尤其是主语，能施行动作或有生命的物体为主语首选。
英语：英语的物称倾向在其造句时十分明显。最具代表性的是对主语的择定，英语常常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词语。
Eg:
25.
26.
A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Oliver in.
奥利弗进门时带进来一缕雪茄烟雾。
Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.
这位曾给全世界带来笑声的人自己却饱偿辛酸。
7、 重复p114
27.
28.
29.
Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French.
英译汉不如英译法容易。
Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.
同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。
Courage in excess becomes fool hardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
过度的勇气变为蛮勇，过度的喜爱变为溺爱，过度的节俭变为贪婪。
8、 音律和对偶p119
30. 路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。
The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all
kinds of things.
31.
32.
33.
34.
深秋，冷雨霏霏，屋里静悄悄的。
The cold November rain fell upon the quiet house.
Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.
欢迎他的只有几下冷淡的掌声，零零散散，并不响亮。
The hurricane flattened crops, uprooted trees, washed away roads and rippled off roofs.
飓风所到之处，庄稼倒伏，树根拔起，道路冲毁，屋顶掀飞。
Peasants now sell vegetables at moving prices determined by their supply and their customer’s
demand.
现在农民出手蔬菜，价格都是随行就市。
9、 准确用词VS大词p120
35.
36.
…炉子上的火苗，随着风箱低沉沉的吼声一闪一闪地。
… and the furnace flashed in rhythm with the flip-flap of the bellows.（roaring?）
今年我省在引进工作方面又取得了重大成就。
Much more fruitful work has been done in our province this year in importing advanced
technology and equipment and in attracting foreign investors.（major achievement?）
引进工作：空洞的词汇，宜译出其实指意义。
10、 主动语态VS被动语态p125&131
37. 每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村。
A. I would ramble about the surrounding country every holiday afternoon.
B. My holiday afternoons were spent in rambling about the surrounding country.
38. 仔细看看信的地址是否写对了。
A. Please make sure that you write the proper address on the envelop.
B. Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.
11、 句子、段落重心
12、 段落意识
13、 思维及语言表达习惯